Reaction The Film And Your Name Is Jonah Essay

I watched the film; And Your Name is Jonah. My initial reaction to this movie in the beginning was frustration. This boy was clearly not meant to be in a mental hospital for the mentally challenged. He had the full capabilities of a normal child and it was not so hard to see. I don’t understand how a child of his capabilities could be misdiagnosed as having mental problems when clearly the only specific he had was not hearing. It makes me so frustrated because a child who obviously had so much to say was trapped in his body without any way of expressing himself. As the movie continues, his parents find out that he is deaf. His misdiagnosis had him in a mental institution which makes me question if this foreshadows or depicts how deaf people were treated before they are diagnosed. As if they were treated as if they were â€Å"impaired†. It feels like a violation and offensive to anyone that is deaf. I also felt controversial about the views of deaf people from ignorant hearing people and how ASL was frowned upon. ASL is a form of communication. How else would deaf people communicate when the English language is taught to us from birth? Individuals who were born deaf cannot learn the English language like a hearing person. If sign language is so frowned upon how else would a born deaf person understand what is going on in the world. Jonah’s parents farther along in the movie decided to get him hearing aids, but that only made the noise louder and it wasn’t clear to what was being said still. The doctors even recommended li p reading because sign language was frowned upon. Even speech therapy failed. With all these signs of defeat, I felt very frustrated with Jonah’s parents. Sign Language is the obvious answer. If your child cannot communicate with you and clearly sign language is the best option then learn and teach your child. It was the obvious choice that would help better communicate a parent with their child. If ASL was taught sooner to Jonah there wouldn’t have been situations in the movie where communication was essential. For example, when Jonah was being yelled at from a car to get out of the road. He could hear led to him falling off his bike. Another example is when Jonah couldn’t understand that Spiderman was a â€Å"good guy†. He ended up putting his brother’s Spiderman in the oven to get  rid of him. Miscommunication between Jonah and his brother resulted in this. Another example is when Jonah’s grandfather gets a heart attack and died. Jonah didn’t understand and searched for him after the funeral because no one could explain to him what was going on. Finally, when Jonah got lost and was taken to a hospital by a police officer–the doctors and nurses thought he was dangerous and crazy. Another example of miscommunication.

Different Interpretations of Taming of the Shrew Essay

Since there are so many different adaptations of Taming of the Shrew, there are quite a lot of differences when you see it, then when you read it. Especially when you try to imagine the Wooing Scene, in Act 2 Scene 1. Here are a few main differences I noticed in two of the different adaptations I watched: * Gaudete Academy 2010 Production (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xaebQOnnHMU) * Petruchio was a little scared of Katherina when he first met her * Katherina was a lot more harsh, physically * Instead of dialogue with words, they made Petruchio speak and Katherina act with facial expressions and basically actions. Petruchio: You lie in faith. For you are called Kate. Plain Kate. Bonny Kate. And sometimes Kate the curst. (Katherina flicks him annoyingly) * Also Petruchio has long monologues, but instead they make Katherina respond with actions and not verbally. So Kate’s actions made it seem like dialogue * There is so much more physical abuse, than verbal abuse Petruchio: My super dainty Kate. (Katherina pushes him off the stage) * They change some words and sentences, so the audience understand the jokes and puns * A lot of interaction with the audience Petruchio: Take this of me, Kate of my consolation: Hearing thy†¦ hearing thy†¦ Uh, help? What’s that sir? *Harpy* Hearing thy Harpyishness praised in every town * Taming of the Shrew (1976) (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RdqOHvcD-VU) * Baptista acts a little evil when Petruchio asks for Kate’s hand in marriage * Petruchio acts a lot more rude, physically * Katherina struggles with Petruchio a lot more * Katherina seems weak, even from the start * Kate doesn’t argue as much as in the play * Petruchio over powers Kate a lot, instead of them being equally horrid * Petruchio adds more actions, so it adds more emphasis to the argument * Gremio’s line stands out more, than in the play script * Taming of the Shrew (CorkShakespeare) This one is very similar to the original play script, so not many points (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hxtQKwHO6xU) * Most of the other adaptations points * Costumes were modernized * Petruchio is very forceful

Differences in the Way Language is used

Language is an important aspect of a human being. The capability to speak and used language makes it possible for an individual to relate to other people. However, language is not merely a means of communication it is an essential factor that shows a person’s thoughts as well as his or her culture. Being the case, since there are many various cultures in the world it is not surprising that there are many languages that exist. This kind of diversity is even more observable in the different ways language is used. Numerous articles have dwelt on the topic of language especially in its importance and the ways it is used.The succeeding paragraphs will discuss the different usage of language based upon some of the written accounts that have given specific attention in this topic. These will deal with the various function of language on different areas and its effects in the society. American linguists and anthropologists perceived that language has a more important role aside from t he fact that it shapes an individual’s view of reality. This idea became widely known during the beginning of the 20th century especially in the first four decades.The one responsible for this kind of thinking are Edward Sapir and his student Benjamin Whorf. They asserted that â€Å"language predetermines what we see in the world around us† (O’Neil, 2006, n. p. ). Simply put, language acts as a filtering mechanism wherein an individual could only see and understand the real world based upon the categories of their language. In the study of Sapir and Whorf, they conducted a cross cultural comparison of color. A person perceived a particular color through the use of the eyes, which is aided by light.The frequency of light is the one who stimulate the eye in order to recognize the lightness or darkness of a certain color. As such, the eye only see the value of a pigmentation whether they are high or low but the terms used in referring to it like red or green does n ot actually exist. As such, it is through the use of language that these different values of light are called with various names (O’Neil, 2006, n. p. ). The assumption of Sapir and Whorf that there are cultural differences in the perception of color is not recognized by other expert in the field by commenting that they went to far.Experts said that all people in the world have the similar visual perception and this is not affected by culture. Nevertheless, the study that they conducted proves that language has an important role in how people perceived the different phenomena in their surrounding like the recognition of light. It is through language that people could specifically recognize these colors by name even if they have various terminologies on how it should be called. Language as a medium could also be used in order to change people’s perceptions about things as well as make them adhere to new ideas and concepts.A good example of such is through the media. Adve rtising has its way of using and playing with language that would make an ordinary consumer avail of the products and services that they are marketing. The famous taglines or one-liners that most commercials used leave a mark in the consciousness of the people that make them patronize what they are selling (Schrank, n. d. ). Moreover, even television programs or movies also have its way of changing the opinion of people about issues and other events.The media could easily used words that could aggravate a certain event than what is really happening. Language also has a pivotal role in the world of business. The rapidly changing time has paved the way for business operations to become international in nature. This is exemplified by existence of multinational corporations that operates in different countries and establishes business relationship with people of various cultures. Good communication is one of the most important elements for a successful business and in order to do so lan guage have to be given due importance.In an article written by Jim Brantley (2007), a teacher of Business English and a consultant that specializes in Cross Cultural Communications, he emphasizes the importance of effectively using language in business especially during this time of globalization. Brantley discusses that today’s market is highly characterize by competition wherein there is a demand for diversity and the need to venture into labor markets that will sustain the nature of the business. Important factors like currency can be easily understood but dealing with people who are involved in business operations could be more challenging.More so, if it deals with people of different nationality. The primary idea in addressing this issue is by teaching a standardized medium of communication through the English language. Key employees should know how to speak English in order for them to easily understand instructions as well as give their inputs in decision-making proces ses. However, it is not as simple as that because there should be a substantial process of teaching in order for the employees to effectively use the language. In this scenario, the importance role language is further highlighted.Language is a pivotal tool in many aspects of operation in the society and it is clearly seen in the area of business. In a culturally diverse world where people come from different countries with various nationalities, language served as a means of identification. Most people would easily recognize the country of origin of a particular individual based upon the language that he or she uses. Even the mere accent that a person produce while speaking is a helpful indicator in recognizing his or her nationality.Furthermore, the identity of a state is also exemplified through the language that a country is using. Almost every state has a country profile that contains the necessary vital information about that particular entity. Language is included among the fa cts that describe a certain country. As such, this only proves that language is essential in differentiating one country from another. Moreover, having this knowledge is also beneficial in dealing with its people. Diplomatic relations is widely practiced by most states.In doing so, a state has to established relationships with other countries in order to facilitate cooperation and collaboration in various areas of interests. It could be in terms of economic concerns and social problems. Even the process of asking for aid in times of crisis or war becomes easier through good relationships. To be able to form an effective and meaningful diplomatic relationship, the representatives of each country have to give specific attention in learning the language of the other party they are dealing with (Edwards, 2004).This is also the reason why most ambassadors are multi-lingual so that they could properly convey the message of their state with the international community. Geographical locatio ns and boundaries are also another reason to the different uses of language. The territorial location of a particular country is often the reason as to why particular words are formed. This is exemplified by the case of some people who are living in tropical climates where they have never experienced having winter season. Due to the fact that they only have summer and rainy season, they are not familiar with the word snow.If a person who experienced having four seasons in their country uttered this word, some people will not understand it. On the other hand, Eskimos who live in a cold climate used more than fifty terms to pertain to â€Å"snow† (Think Quest, 2000). The discussions above show that indeed language plays a very important role in the society. Its usage as a means of communication encompasses many aspects in terms of economics, politics as well as social factors. Language also has a more essential function in recognizing one country from the other.In relation to t his, even the territorial origins of individuals are easily identified through it. Nonetheless, its most important contribution is in shaping the thoughts of people especially on how they perceived reality. Language is not merely a means of communication it also becomes part of the people’s culture. It becomes one of the most appropriate symbols that describe a particular group. In all these, language is not only a tool that people use but it actually becomes a representation of who they are.

Marx and Capitalism. Why and how does Marx think Capitalism is bound Essay

Marx and Capitalism. Why and how does Marx think Capitalism is bound to collapse - Essay Example Rising unemployment levels, recurring layoffs, tumultuous stock booms and corporate scandals are indicative of the economic crises that would reach sufficient proportions to cause a collapse of capitalism. One must therefore look into the contradictions and sources of instability in this system to understand why capitalism will eventually fail. Karl Marx’s understanding of the collapse of capitalism The views of several contemporary and traditional economists were substantially different from Karl’s Marx’s ideas. Most economists, including prominent ones like Adam Smith, felt that free market economics and hence capitalism was a given fact. They presumed that it emanated from man’s propensity to exchange goods and services. Also, these economists focused on the interaction between man and products rather than between the market participants themselves. Wage labour as well as its relation to capital was the key concern for Marx. He felt that it was more cri tical to study the relationship between people who participated in these systems. In conventional economics, a millionaire who purchased a loaf of bread was treated in the same way as a simple wage labourer. Furthermore, the person selling the item was nothing more than a trader. However, Marx challenged this thinking by showing that people were not equals in capitalist markets. The rich and the poor had different relations to capital and wage labour (Marx and Engels, 1997). Therefore, contradictions arose in this process, yet they were ignored by predominant economists. Karl Marx acknowledged that capitalism perpetuates poverty and inequality. However, these were not sufficient ingredients to lead to its end. Instead, he stated that the cyclical and frequent economic crises that occurred in the capitalist system could lead to an unstable and insecure environment. Workers would lose confidence in their methods of earning a living because the system in which they worked constantly th reatened to make them superfluous. The antagonism that would arise from that situation would lead to a state of anarchy. In other words, economic crises that are inevitable in capitalism cannot guarantee workers even the miniscule amounts to which they were entitled. Such problems would cause a breakdown in world systems. Capitalism does not just affect workers alone; it also has an impact on owners of capital too. The bourgeoisie are in a war for survival; they are fighting against themselves as well as against the proletariat. For this reason, when minor economic crises occur, they can lead to a war as well as an increase in class struggles between the two groups. The possibility of a revolution thus arises because of these crises. Marx did not believe that the revolution was expected, but that it was a possibility that workers could embrace in their response. For a revolution to occur, it is not sufficient for the oppressed to be unable to sustain their living conditions. The upp er classes must also be unable to maintain their old system of governance. Since instability affects both parties, then it is likely that it will lead to a collapse. In order to understand Marx’s prediction of collapse in capitalism, it is critical to understand how crises occur in the first place. The theorist explained that owners of capital had one sole aim when conducting business and this was to accumulate more capital. It was not that they were greedy for money; however, they needed to accumulate more capital in order to beat their rivals. In capitalism, a manufacturer often uses their money to purchase resources in order to create goods. This person would not be able to produce those goods if they lacked vast finances to begin with. Once these individuals make

Changes in the American Society and Culture in 1945-1968 Essay

Changes in the American Society and Culture in 1945-1968 - Essay Example Some of the stand out developments that characterized this period includes a consumer-driven economic boom, the civil rights movement and the heightened drive for liberation on a personal level especially among the young Americans. This study explores these three aspects guided by the thesis that they were the greatest forces for change in the American society between 1945 and 1968. Consumerism as a Driver of the Economic Boom - 1945-1968: The twenty years after the World War II were characterized by an unmatched economic expansion in the western world. The GDPs of many countries rose gradually to double the prewar figures, while the living standards grew proportionately. It was an era characterized by the dawn of mass consumerism. However, it is starkly discernible that the US led the way by a huge gap, achieving in the early 1950s the average per capita GDP that western European nations would only reach by the late 1960s. A brief overview of the economic boom indicates that the per capita GDP grew by an average of 2.7% annually and continuously from 1949-1968 in comparison to under 1.5% per capita GDP growth per year from 1913-1949 (Junker and Wagner 256). The consumer culture was also driven by media, as the telling impact of the Seventeen Magazine on teenage consumption and the accompanied attention by the corporate world (Griffith and Baker 122-3). ... Mass consumption included purchase of mass-produced homes in sprawling suburbs as the domestic market drove economic growth forward. This perhaps explains the reason behind the USA experiencing the economic boom much earlier than the rest of the western world. The birth rate was at an all time high bringing forth the baby-boom generation whose parents intended to provide with good life they never had as they grew up during the global recession (Elcott 7). One aspect of this mass consumerism is in the growth of television and its impact. By 1950, less than 3 million Americans had television sets, spectacularly increasing to over 50 million a decade later. This was accompanied by creation of a more uniform culture in the US. It is clear that the surge of capitalism was driven by the heightened consumerism and people’s growing incomes. Pervasive television imagery, booming suburbs and unrestricted spending power changed the culture of Americans and how they viewed themselves (Cob bs-Hoffman and Gjerde and Blum 331-2). A strong home economy was also important in the establishment of US global economic power and influence as efforts could be diverted to global economic issues. Hence, consumer-driven economic expansion is one of the main stand-out aspects and defining phenomena that characterized the period between 1945 and 1968. The Civil Rights Movement: The USA is a nation built upon a melt-point of different cultures, races and ethnicities and thus from inception was plagued by the problem of racism, providing the divisions that shook the very foundations of democracy that the nation prides itself in. Dubois cofounded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored people (NAACP) with the aim of protesting the accommodation being pursued by the likes of

Personal Philosophy of Nursing Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Philosophy of Nursing - Personal Statement Example Additionally, I worked as a nurse as I studied. The experience gained through practice has made me recognize numerous programs that are essential in preparation of patients towards medication services. In addition to taught skills, I have acquired extra knowledge that has enhanced my nursing expertise. For instance, education and practice have equipped me with clinical leadership and professional research skills. These are vital skills in the nursing profession and healthcare provision (Sharon, 2003). I have also acquired exceptional abilities and skills in the design, organization, and implementation of goals and objectives in healthcare provision. These skills focus primarily on the provision of nursing services to patients. Furthermore, nursing profession has directed my scientific and artistic expertise towards qualitative and quantitative provision of healthcare. The expertise and experience acquired within the 20 year-period has broadened my knowledge in nursing practice. Howev er, it is vital for me to highlight my career objectives and mission in the nursing profession. Therefore, this essay aims to explain my future career objectives and mission in the nursing profession. Moreover, it aims to support my philosophical dispositions in primary healthcare provision. Harmlessness Essentially, it is crucial to note that there should never be harm in the provision of primary healthcare and nursing services. ... Therefore, it is my obligation as a nurse to exercise absolute care towards my clients’ well-being. Notably, the attitude towards the public and clients should be warm and caring. It is appropriate to assess the conditions of clients through the establishment of all issues that relate to human beings. For instance, it is vital to communicate with patients appropriately. This can only be achieved through proper channeling of messages to be communicated to patients (Sharon, 2003). Nurses are expected to conduct therapeutic procedures required to identify conditions that need stabilization. They are expected to examine the outcomes of therapeutic actions in order to accomplish the goals of enhancement of well-being of clients. Over the years of nursing practice, I have learnt that delivery of healthcare is in itself a cause of death in many countries. The delivery of healthcare services is sometimes enshrined with the possibility of human error that can result into death. Errors can result from both commission and omission because of loopholes in redress of conditions that can be treated and solved. Injuries and eventual deaths can occur because of such blunders (Philips and Bredder, 2002). Nosocomial infections are likely to occur in hospitals in cases where health practitioners do not disinfect and clean their hands before handling patients. Therefore, the safety of patients is essential in hospitals. The protection of patients requires maintenance of basic safety standards. Several researches have indicated that errors in the prescription of medication increase the number of fatalities in hospitals (Swanson, 1993). Data have shown

Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal Statement Example Family background influences the career choice of one, especially in traditional societies like China. For example, a doctor’s children tend to study medicine; a bureaucrat’s children opt for civil service qualifications; a carpenter’s son learns carpentry from childhood, and so on. My father runs a factory-supported business enterprise, and it was but natural for me to pursue education and training courses, which would help me in future to participate in managing the family business. Quite honestly, I am as much responsible for this decision as my parents have been, since that is how it is in my country – the elders exert considerable influence in matters of education. Fortunately, my own positive inclination towards economics as the major subject sealed the issue. Our factory in China employing nearly 600 persons produces a wide variety of stainless steel cookware items. This is a fairly large business and it inevitably creeps into our everyday Shen 2 li ves, all the time. Family discussions or little talks around the dining table or even while on holidays always end up in business matters, and I was thus exposed to the affairs of our business since childhood. This has kindled an interest in me – first in general factory affairs, and later as I grew up, in the nitty-gritty of running a profitable business venture. I was often to be seen at my father’s office and factory, observing at firsthand how he handled his routine work, how he interacted with his staff and workers, and how he dealt with his clients. It is an invaluable experience for me to become aware of the practical world of business, and for my father’s staff and workmen to recognize me as one among them. This was my informal internship and background to my choosing economics as the academic option. Since completing high school studies, I have been attending working in my father’s office and factory more formally. I do this even now, whenever, I travel home on vacation. I have been assigned work in different departments, under the guidance of senior staff. I have worked in the factory assisting the manager and learning the production processes, staff deployment, order processing and dispatches; in office duties, I have done document preparation and presentation, raising bills and follow up for collecting payments; in the human resource department, I have come to know of staff management, salary administration and training; in the finance department, I was exposed to the different aspects of the relationship between a business and the banks like capital investments, working capital and stock/bills hypothecation, cash flow issues etc. All in all, I should say that I have just begun to appreciate the intricacies of business management and felt the need for a proper professional qualification for a fuller understanding of the processes, especially relating to the economics and financing of a running business. As a first step i n this direction, I have selected the subjects of macro and micro-economics, statistics, Shen 3 social sciences and business for my major at the SBCC. I have begun to enjoy solving problems in the economics subject. After completing my graduation/post-graduation in University of California, I wish to return to China and play an important role in the development of our enterprise. 2. What character or attitude

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 10

Case Study Example Oscar then graduated from a community college before he worked for a local jewelry shop. Despite the fact that he didn’t know much about diamonds, Oscar was still able to receive diamonds and a Diamond Grading Certificate thanks to his hard work. Rodriguez later opened a jewelry store of his own. After some of his customers told him there were better deals in the internet, Rodriguez decided to try selling on the internet too. After a while, he found a diamond dealer willing to give him diamonds which he started selling on the internet. After this his business grew enabling him to close the store he had opened and to become an entrepreneur who was savvy. In 2003, his company, Abazias.com went public. While it is true that Rodriguez was at the right place at the right time, there are also other factors that contributed to his success. His success can be attributed to the advice that was given to him by girlfriend to his roommate (Robbins & Judge, 2009). It is this advice given to him that sparked his curiosity leading him to start selling diamonds online. Mr. Rodriguez was worked very hard and this enabled him to open his own jewelry shop. Courtesy of his commitment, Oscar continued his education even receiving Diamonds and Diamonds Grading certification. Mr. Rodriquez had a vision. After he realized that his job as at the local jeweler would not help him achieve the goals he had set out to achieve, he started exploring other options that were available to him (Briggs Myers, McCaulley, Quenk, Hammer, & Mitchell, 2009). He even went ahead and started learning everything that there was to learn about diamonds. The other character that made Mr. Rodriquez successful was the fact that he was an ambitious man. He examined his situation and realized that his job, then, did not give him the opportunities for growth. He told himself that he would never become anything if he continued to work in his present job† (The Gainesville Sun,

Eating in Sociological Perspective and Culture in Every Day Life Essay

Eating in Sociological Perspective and Culture in Every Day Life - Essay Example The most important objectives of the human beings were to collect food for their survival. At least 10 thousand years ago, human beings started agriculture, which has altered/changed the complete way of eating. With the advancement of the human beings socially and culturally the way of eating has changed all the way. Socialization and Culture of mankind plays a major role in change of eating practices. The way of food preparation, presentation and eating has changed with time, location and culture. Here we are concerned with eating in a social and cultural perspective in everyday life. Food is life, food what is eaten, when it is eaten and how it is eaten says a great deal about the culture. It is the center stage of every society, family and culture. In every culture eating has its unique way. Basically culture in its broader term includes all the acquired specialties of the mankind. To understand eating culture we have to understand the culture first. Culture can be defined as "The total general organized way of life including value, norms, institutions and artifacts that is passed on from generation to generation by learning alone". (Jary & Jary, 1991) E.B. Culture has been called "the way of life for the entire society". As such it includes code of manners, dress, language, eating, religion, rituals, norms of behaviour and system of belief. E.B. Tylor (1871) defined culture as "Culture of civilization taken in its wide ethnographic sense is that comply whole, which includes knowledge, belief, art, moral, law, customs or any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of Society". Recently UNESCO(2002), defined culture as "Culture should regarded as the set of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features of the society or a social group and that it encompasses, in addition to art and literature, lifestyles, way of living together, value systems, traditions and beliefs." So, it has been quite clear from the above definitions of culture that it necessarily includes eating and it is one of the most important characteristics of every culture. Every home in almost every culture have a place devoted to the preparation of the meal and also have a specified place for eating. Most societies have restaurants and hotels to eat away from home. Eating varies from individuals to individuals in a day, their size of consumption, when and how meals are prepared and eaten varies around the World. Most individual have fairly regular daily pattern of eating occurs 2-3 meals per day. The diversity of eating could be attributed to a number of local factors, which include climate, ecology, economy, cultural traditions and industrialization. Eating always has an important role to play in almost all the social occasions and celebrations of many key cultural and religious festivals in our daily life. Without eating any function or celebration cannot be treated as complete. So eating has major role in every social and cultural aspect of our daily life. Eating is inherently area specific and cultural. Different places and different people have their different way of eating identifies their cultural identities. Eating is associated with culture, people and places. Food feeds our cultural stereotypes. It is a

THE EVOLUTION OF MACROECONOMICS IN THE UK Essay

THE EVOLUTION OF MACROECONOMICS IN THE UK - Essay Example In this sense, it can be implied that only in times of market failures are governments are justified to intervene. This paper will explore the different viewpoints of classical and Keynesian economic principles and concludes how prevailing economic policies are only transient and evolutionary. II. Fundamental Policy Issues A. Classical Economics The classical economic thought resides on the simple concept that the market can work effectively even without any form of human intervention. The market, as Adam Smith puts it, possesses an invisible hand that automatically puts the economy back into plump shape when otherwise with the guiding advocacy to let the government leave market activity into the interests of individuals (2009z: 400). Smith states that the â€Å"governments that intervene in the market activity only represent the wealthy and the powerful† rather than a mass (as cited in Sowell 1994: 23). Even to classical liberals such as Frederic Bastiat, state interference o n any activity which goes beyond its functions (i.e. maintaining order and justice) is a â€Å"usurpation upon conscience, upon intelligence, upon industry; in a word upon human liberty† (as cited in Haney 1911: 257). ... From this standpoint stemmed the principle of laissez-faire which would eventually resolve deficiencies in employment and output levels. B. Keynesian Economics According to the brainchild of Keynesian economics, John Maynard Keynes, the government is the only fundamental societal structure that can manage the aggregate demand from households, businesses, and the government itself to ensure price stability (Korten 2010). Keynesian economics assume the opposite of what classical economists theorise -- that a free market is not self-correcting so that it would result in unemployment in the process (the Great Depression, being the proof). Furthermore, market forces will consume a long period to bring back full employment because in the real -time market, demand is not sufficient to maintain full employment (Cowling & Sugden 1990: 108). Keynesian economists say that in order to efficiently sustain employment at full level, the government must push through monetary and fiscal policies (i.e . increase government spending and decrease taxation) in order to stimulate the aggregate demand for commodities, hence creating additional employment opportunities (Cowling & Sugden 1990: 108). When there is a right level of demand, the supply-side would look after itself (Cowling & Sugden 1990: 108). This would result in an increase of budget deficit (Cowling & Sugden 1990). However, Keynesian economists sustain that this is only justifiable. III. Theory A. Market Equilibrium: On Fluctuating Prices a.1. Classical Perspective Market clearing in both the labor and commodities markets is entirely possible because of equilibrium forces (Free 2010: 73). For instance, when the supply exceeds demand, the market reaches equilibrium if prices decrease which is only an inevitable

Quantitative reasoning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Quantitative reasoning - Essay Example According to Thomas Day: â€Å"If adverse drug reactions were classified as a disease it would rank as the fifth leading cause of death in the United States.† (â€Å"About Medical Care for The Elderly†, n.d.) Elderly people consume nearly 30% of all drugs. This group of people takes drugs more than any other social group. Elderly people have many different problems with their health, that’s why they take medicine to relieve pain in different parts of body. One of the main problems for them is taking medicine. The interaction of drugs is the most dangerous. The average elderly person takes nearly three-four prescription medicine at a time. Sometimes people don’t understand that there are some side effects. The combination of drugs can be very necessary for effective treatment, but it needs special attention and care. Elderly people are more sensible to medicine than young ones are, because of the changes in functions of the organs such as kidneys, liver, etc. If there is too much medicine in the blood elderly people can face such side effects as memory loss, dizziness, retention of fluids, confusion, internal bleeding, sometimes even death. They are also more sensible to particular side effects. Dosage is very important. It must be taken into consideration that the level of dosage for young people won’t do for older ones. Usual doses and their frequencies are too high for them. Inappropriate dosage can be dangerous and cause many problems. But there are exceptions when older patient needs a high level of medications, for example, in case when resistance in the cells is being treated. Another problem is inobservance of dosage and its frequency by older people. Some of them take more than it is prescribed trying to recover faster, some neglect taking all necessary medicine in time or refuse to take it at all, some of them have problems with memory or confusion. That’s why it is extremely important for care

Promote person centred approaches Essay Example for Free

Promote person centred approaches Essay Person centred values must influence all aspects of health and social care. The individual is at the centre of the care and are involved in every aspect of it. This ensures that their support, activities, care plans and support plans are tailored to the individual and meet their needs in a way that is appropriate to them. There are person-centred values which must be used to underpin the above. These are respect, partnership, individuality, rights, choice, privacy, independence and dignity. In following the values, people are then empowered to live their lives and achieve their potential. A care plan details a persons needs and wishes, what is being done to meet them and who is involved in doing so. If a care plan is person-centred it reflects their individuality and will contain their own views and wishes, inform you about what they think is important and how they feel about their circumstances and tell; you how they want to live their life. By knowing this, it means you can support them to live how they want and achieve their dreams, recognising their choices and ideas. Read more: Define person centred values essay There are factors which influence the capacity of an individual to give consent. Having the capacity means having the physical or mental ability to do something, and consent means having the ability to give informed permission for something to happen. It also implies the individual understands what their decision means. The ability to give consent comes from being able to understand complex and abstract ideas or concepts without the need for evidence. You have to be able to weigh up the pros and cons and make a decision. Therefore you need to be able to understand the risks and benefits of a situation, be able to freely express your thoughts, ask questions and have the time to process the situation. Personal values and beliefs, the level of education and a person’s communication skills impact on their ability to make a decision. As does, having their thoughts and opiuons respected, treated with dignity and knowing theywont be judged for the decisions they do make. If consent can not be readily established you need to adapt your approach to  the individual. For example if a person needs time to process information and go over it time and time again, then you do that till they are ready. Some people are unable to consent due to their learning disability or medical condition. In this case, the individual will have a representative will act in their best interests. Any decisions already given consent too would be found in their care plan. Family members are a great point of contact. Active participation is about working in a way which respects the individual’s right to participate in life as independently as possible. They are seen as active participant or partner. To apply active participation to an individuals needs you would make sure you are aware of their likes, dislikes, wishes and also their abilities. You would then use this knowledge to come up with a plan that best suits the individual. This ensures a happy outcome for everyone. It is person-centred and put the individual in control and living an independent life where possible. Sometimes an individual needs support to challenge or question a decision about them which is made by others. You can do this by supporting the individual to decide what they want to do and how they will do it, ensuring they understand the decision that has been made and help them think through why they want to challenge the decision. You can identify who else you might be able to get involved to help out and consider if an advocate would be necessary. Arranging a meeting to address their concerns can also be done. Identity, self-image and self-esteem are all linked. Self-image is all about how we see ourselves, and our opinions of our won worth. Self-esteem is all about being confident in who we are and out sense of value. Identity is knowing who you are, what makes you unique, your personality and characteristics. If you don’t know who you are as an individual then you are more likely to struggle with a low sense of value which creates a negative self-image and low self-esteem. This can manifest in individuals behaviour, ability to make simple decisions, express themselves and make choices. Wellbeing is a feeling that you are feeling well and doing well. There are  many factors that influence this. The practical aspects of life factors are income, employment, quality of living environment, physical and mental health and access to services and amenities. There are also factors in relation to personal and social relationships which are support networks, loving and intimate relationships and relationships with the wider community. Values and attitudes also contribute to wellbeing. These are an individual’s sense of purpose and value, their hopes, dreams and fears, their satisfaction with life, what they think and feel about themselves and any moral or spiritual codes of behaviour. How people are treated by society and their life experiences play a part in how they see themselves and therefore affect their sense of wellbeing. Risk taking and risk assessments relate to rights and responsibilities. The exercise of individual rights goes side by side with the individual taking responsibility for the outcomes of their decision. Therefore, you need to be sure that the individuals have the capacity to make an informed decision and fully understand any potential consequences. Risk assessments need to be regularly reviewed as peoples needs and abilities change, especially if their health deteriorates as they may be expected to do more than they can manage. Also, if an activity was agreed to develop skills and confidence, by not reviewing the risk assessment, your are undermining everything they have achieved and they won’t be able to continue to progress.

An analysis of “The Flea” by John Donne

An analysis of â€Å"The Flea† by John Donne Close Reading This close reading, is an analysis of â€Å"The Flea† by John Donne. â€Å"The Flea† is a love sonnet that uses a flea as a reason for the writer and the woman to get together. The flea is the main image of the poem, through which all of the metaphors and puns are woven around. When it comes down to it, the poem is about trying to get the woman in the poem into bed. The writer never comes out and just says that he wants to have sex with the woman, but that is exactly what a marriage bed is for. He does not want to scare her off with the blunt truth that having sex with him would be a terrible mistake. This close reading will demonstrate all of this and more by going through the poem line by line looking deeply into what each line is saying and how it is demonstrating it. In the first stanza, Donne uses extended metaphors to get his point across about the flea. The first stanza speaks of how the writer and the woman become one after being bitten by the flea. This stanza begins with â€Å"Mark but this flea, and mark in this,† which directs the attention of the woman towards the flea. He uses an apostrophe by speaking to a person outside the poem who cannot respond. â€Å"How little that which thou deniest me is,† she denies his sexual advances which means little to her. â€Å"It sucked me first, and now sucks thee, And in this flea, our two bloods mingled be,† the flea bites them both causing their blood to mix together inside the flea. Blood is used both literally and figuratively throughout the poem, which makes it a pun. Literally, that flea really does contain two peoples blood. Metaphorically, when two people procreate we call it mixing fluids, and the writer plays with this double meaning. The mixing of the blood cannot be a sin, or shame, or lose of virginity therefore; neither should it be for their other bodily to mix together, â€Å"A sin, nor shame, nor loss of maidenhead.† â€Å"Yet this enjoys before it woo,† the pleasure of the flea is a pun. The flea literally enjoys her blood, however to the writer, it also enjoys her in the erotic way like he wants to. â€Å"And pampered swells with one blood made of two,† the flea is lucky to be filled with their blood. This flea becomes larger in size with blood from both subjects. The flea has joined them together already by mixing their blood together which is more than he is asking of the woman, â€Å"And this, alas, is more than we would do.† The writer expresses shame and sadness for this flea. He speaks of the flea like it has sinned in its blood sucking ways which is more than he is asking the woman to do so they should just have sex. The act of the biting flea happens prior to seduction; it accents the completion of gratification prior to the procreative stimulation indicated by woo, pampered,† and â€Å"swells. Hence, the poem changes its gesture of passion and focuses on the sexual pleasure, following a notable order; solicitation, swelling, copulation, then fulfillment. The flea, particularly enjoys the pleasure of sucking both male and female bodies. As a result of, the outburst alas, the writer regretfully indicates the flea can do more than he can do. In the second stanza, the writer asks his woman, â€Å"Oh stay, three lives in one flea spare,† as the woman moves in to kill the flea, he asks her to halt from the killing. The writer explains to the woman if she would please reserve the three lives which are now mixed within in the flea. The writer may be concluding that the three lives within the flea represent a father, mother, and baby. He constructs another analogy in this line, â€Å"Where we almost, yea more than married are.† In this he argues, their blood is mixed within the flea therefore they are no more than married. â€Å"This flea is you and I,† the flea has both of their blood inside it. â€Å"Our marriage bed, and marriage temple,† the flea is their sex and religion. Also, their supposed marriage is an extended metaphor which stems from the pun on two kinds of blood: literal blood and family relations. Mixing of bloodlines is what happens when you get married. The writer confesses â€Å"Though parents grudge, and you, w’are met.† In spite of the fact that their parents object is not a reason for them not to have sex. He is suggesting that even though they cannot be in a romantic relationship, it should not affect her decision not to make love, â€Å"And cloistered in these living walls of jet.† Although their parents protest with resentment towards their romance, and she will not make love to him, contained within the flea is a place of religious solitude, where they are united as one. The writer extends the metaphor further by saying neither of their parents would approve of the union. The flea is compared to a church or cloister with black walls, in which the marriage ceremony takes place. Donne writes, â€Å"Though use make you apt to kill me,† even though you are almost certainly going to kill me. â€Å"Let not to that, self-murder added be,† he requests that she not kill the flea because she would be killing herself, the flea, and him. â€Å"And sacrilege, three sin in killing three,† and by killing the writer, the flea, and herself, she will commit three sins of theft and perverting what is sanctified. Since the flea is a temple of religion, should she kill this flea? Returning to the metaphor, the flea contains their lives, the writer alleges her of trying to commit a deadly sin by killing the flea. She would be killing him and committing suicide herself. Furthermore, she would defile the institution of marriage, by killing the marriage temple. In the final stanza, â€Å"Cruel and sudden, hast thou since, the writer calls the woman sadistic and rash in her actions to kill the flea without thinking. The regard to the woman as cruel means she is likely to take pleasure in the flea’s pain. The writer has redefined the flea. The flea has become a depiction of his own pain which he has endured because of her prohibition of sex. Through her prohibition she has been lacking of affection or sympathy. Alike the flea, she has behaved towards him lacking pause in denying him the gratifications of sex. The writer speaks to the woman through rhetorical questions, â€Å"Purpled thy nail, in blood of innocence,† has she sinned by spilling the blood of the innocent? Has she damned herself to hell by persecuting the flea? Oh, no! She kills the flea, but the magnificent rhetoric about the blood of innocence compares with the insignificance of a dot of blood on her fingernail. â€Å"Wherein could this flea guilty be, except in that drop which it sucked from thee?† What could the flea have done so badly, except sucking a little drop of blood from them? â€Å"Yet thou triumph’st and sayst that thou/ Find’st not thy self, nor me the weaker now. The woman retaliates, celebrating her success in killing the flea, makes neither him, nor her any less noble. The writer responds, â€Å"Tis true, then learn how false, fears be;† it is true, and learn how false your fears are. False fears is an example of alliteration which highlights her concern about the losing her innocence. The writer closes with, â€Å"Just so much honor, when you yield’st to me. Will waste, as this flea’s death took life from thee.† When she surrenders to him, she will lose no more integrity than when she killed the flea. Yieldst is a small pun. The writer wants the woman to yield to his twisted rationality of his argument. He also wants her to yield to him sexually. He also uses a simile which associates the conservation of her own life when the flea dies to the conservation of her honor after she gives him what he wants. .

Specialist sub-subcontractor

Specialist sub-subcontractor 1.0 Introduction In construction practice, not only project manager, Architect, Quantity Surveyor, contractor carrying the important role, specialist sub-subcontractor also carrying the important role in order to success the construction project. A sub contractor is a person or a company hired by a general contractor to perform part of the work of a construction job. For example, a contractor might be building a house, but might hire a firm or a person specializing in electrical engineering to install the electrical systems needed in the house. Generally the subcontractor will either relieve the main contractor of part of the building work, or will be able to perform work at lower expense or at a greater skill level than the general contractor could. (Tricia Ellis- Christensen 2003-2009) http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-subcontractor.htm Normally sub-contractor carry out the works like electrical, heating and cooling devices (HVAC), plumbing, plastering, brickwork and roofing. There are 3 different kind of sub-contractor in construction practice and they are: Nominated sub-contractor Domestic sub-contractor Named sub-contractor Nominated sub-contractor Is a person nominated by the Architect or Contract Administrator to the contractor in order to carry out the sub-contract work and there was a direct contractual relationship between the clients and the subcontractor. Other than that, contractor has the right to make reasonable objection on the selected sub-contractor by the Architect. Domestic sub-contractor Is a person who has direct contractual relationship with the main contractor. All the sub-contract work done by the employed sub-contractor has to be responsible by the main contractor. For example, if there is any sub-contract work done badly and cause the delay of the project then the main contractor have to responsible for it. Named sub-contractor Is similar to the domestic sub-contractor, but named sub-contractor often use in Intermediate Building Contract (IC) and Intermediate Building Contract with contractors design (ICD). The idea is to provide the employer with means of ensuring that particular parcels of work are carried out by sub-contractors of the employers choice. (Chappell D, 2007, pg 38). 2.0 Review the method of appointing a specialist sub-contractor A nominated sub-contractor is often appointed after the main contractor has started work, so one of the client benefits is that specialist design can continue after work has commenced on site. A prime cost sum is included within the main contractors tender document (a bill of quantities or specification of work). On top of this the main contractor is required to price overheads, profit and any items of attendance it has to provide, such as the use of site facilities, provision of a secure storage area etc. The value of the prime cost sum is omitted from the Bill of Quantities and replaced by the nominated subcontractors accepted quotation and the main contractors on costs are adjusted as appropriate. (Electrical Mechanical Contractor magazine 2005) There are some reasons for nomination of sub-contractor: The employer will have his freedom to choose a sub-contractor that he wishes to use and is not based on price. The employer can take control of the timing involvement and appointment of sub-contractor to meet his requirement. The employer has the chance to make comparison which sub-contractor is better and suitable for the particular sub-contract work. Time is saved by introducing formal links between the sub-contractor and the consulting engineer, architect, QS. Hence, there are no long chains of correspondence and quick action on price, design, programme, variations etc. is established. In a project there will be some specialist works which only can done by the specialist team like sub-contractor. The nominated sub-contractor can be involved early and so his design expertise and his knowledge of the contract and co-ordination of services can be utilized. 2.1 Procedure of nomination The standard form of nominated sub-contract tender 1998 Edition (NSC/T) which comprises in 3 parts. Part 1: Invitation to tender to a subcontractor by the Architects/The contract administrator During the part 1, the invitation to tender to a subcontractor (NSC/T) of a standard form of tender will be completed by the Architect. Other than that, the relevant section of the employer/ nominated sub contractor agreement, (NSC/W), and both documents, together with the drawing/specification/bill of quantities which describe the work will be completed and sent by the Architect to those companies the employer who wishes to invite to tender. Part 2: Tender by the Subcontractor During this part, those subcontractors who are interesting in this tender will complete the standard form of tender and the relevant sections of the warranty, (NSC/W) and return both documents to the Architect. After the Architect had received both documents, one of the sub contractors will be selected by the Architect and will arrange to the employer to sign and confirm of the approval of the sub contractors tender and to execute the warranty, (NSC/W). Then, the Architect nominates the selected sub contractor to the main contractor by using the standard nomination instruction, (NSC/N). Other than that, a copy of the invitation of tender and the successful sub contractors tender with all the documents and details in part 1 will be sent by the Architect to the contractor under clause 35.6. Once the contractor gets receipt of those documents, within 7 days, he may either accept or he may exercise his right of reasonable objection to the selected tender. If the contractor made a reasona ble objection in writing to the architect within the 7 working days, under clause 35.5 Architect may either issue further instruction to remove the objection so that the contractor can comply or accept the objection and nominate another sub contractor. Part 3: Particular Conditions (To be agree by the contractor and the subcontractor nominated under clause 35.5) Under the ‘Particular Condition set out in this part of (NSC/T), these include sub-contract period, insurance details, and the identity of the adjudicator and trustee stake-holder. Once reached the arrangement on Particular Condition, the contractor and sub contractor sign (NSC/T) part 3 and execute the sub-contract articles of agreement, (NSC/A), which together with reference the sub-contract conditions (NSC/C). After both of them had signed (NSC/T) part 3, a copy of signed (NSC/T) part 3 together with the executed sub-contract articles of agreement, (NSC/A) will be sent to the Architect for his records. 3.0 Review the method of appointing a specialist sub-contractor Post JCT 2005 JCT 2005 is a new improved version to replace the JCT 1998 because there are many of the problems that arose on- site and in practice still failed to resolve despite of its length and complexity of JCT 1998. (James Davison 2005 pg13). In sub contract, there are also many problems arise between main and sub-contractor because a project is not ready for a sub-contractor to commence work on the date anticipated and then sub-contractor may say that he wants more money because of the commencement of sub-contract was delayed. (Chappell D, 2007, pg 37) Hence, in the new version of JCT 2005 there is no more nomination of sub-contractor, only kind of sub-contractor which is domestic sub-contractor. Since nomination has been removed, some new clauses regarding to the sub-contracting in JCT 2005 is shown as below: Clause 3.7 in JCT 2005 consent to sub-contracting The Contractor shall not without the consent of the Architect/ Contract Administrator sub contract the whole part of work or any part of the work to the sub-contractor and such consent shall not be unreasonable delayed or withheld the project. During contractor design proportion, contractor shall not without the consent of the employer sub-contract the design to the sub-contractor and is similar to the previous, such consent shall not be unreasonable delayed or withheld the project. Clause 3.8 in JCT 2005 List in Contract bills The Contract Bills provide that certain work measured or otherwise described in those Bills and priced by the Contractor is to be carried out by persons named in a list in or annexed to the Contract Bills and selected from that list by and at the sole discretion of the Contractor. Not less than 3 person the list shall comprise, additional persons to the list can be add by the contractor at any time prior to the execution of a binding sub-contract and with the consent of the employer or (Architect/ Contract Administrator act on his behalf ) which shall not be unreasonably delayed or withheld the project. If at any time prior to the execution of binding sub-contract the list stills less than three person, then the employer and contractor shall agreement add the names of the others person to make it not less than three person in the list. Other than that, the work shall be carried out by the contractor and the person selected from the list by the contractor will be the sub-contractor an d carry out the sub-contract work. If at any time before the contractor has entered into a building sub-contract the number of firms able and willing to carry out the work falls below: The employer and the contractor must agree on the addition of more firms so that the list comprises at least three. Contractor can carry out the work itself; however, contractor also can sub-let the work to any sub-contractor of its choice provided the architect gives consent. . (Chappell D, 2007, pg 37) 4.0 Review the method of appointing a specialist subcontractor NEC 3 ECC 2005 Normally NEC 3 was used in the government project. Under this standard form of contract, Project Manager plays a very important role in sub-contracting. He is the one who accept and reject the sub-contract with reasonable reason stated in this contract, not like other form of contract like JCT 05. In this standard form of contracts, the rules for the contractor to appoint sub-contractor to carry out sub-contract work were strict and details. Clause 26.1 Contractor have to responsible for all his work and if he sub-contract work then he have to responsible for all the sub contract work also. Clause 26.2 The contractor submits the name of each proposed sub-contractor to the Project Manager for acceptance. The contractor only can appoint sub-contractor to carry out sub-contract work for him when the Project Manager had accepted the proposed sub-contractor. Clause 26.3 The contractor submits the proposed conditions of contract for each sub-contract to the project manager for acceptance unless An NEC contract is proposed The Project Manager has agreed that no submission is required Clause 26.4 In this clause, there are two reasons stated that the Project Manager can use to reject the sub-contract condition; Sub-contract condition which not allow the contractor to provide the works Sub-contract condition does not include a statement that the parties to the subcontract should act in a spirit of mutual trust and co-operation. Project manager only can reject the sub-contract condition with these two reasons, if project manager was rejected the contractor not within these two reasons and in the end the contractor cant finish the work or delayed the project then contractor was entitled for compensation. 5.0 Reasons behind why nomination has been stopped Nomination of sub-contractor has been stopped after JCT 1998 because of many reasons, there are: Problems between main and sub-contractors arise because a project is not ready for a sub-contractor to commence work on the date anticipated. If the commencement of the sub-contract delayed, the sub contractor may say that it wants more money, or even that it cannot, at a later date, fit the work into its programme. (Chappell D, 2007, pg 37). Due to the late commencement of the sub-contract, sub-contractor may want more money because of his labours who are waiting for him to start the work in the project, so there will be an argument. Lack of management of the progress of the sub-contractor work on site because of the main contractor is not responsible for delay by nominated sub-contractors. Confuses lines of communication and management because the sub-contractor will be answerable to the architect, main contractors and others on same issue. Contractor may have no right to choose who carries out that part of the works. Unless there are very clear grounds, otherwise most main contractors are reluctant to try to exercise their right of reasonable objection. Contractor being forced to employ the sub-contractor on the basis of a standard form of contract, in this situation, contractor is unable to impose his own terms and conditions which may be more useful for them during the work on site. Nominated sub-contractor can be difficult to manage and control because of their direct links with the professional team and the division of contractual responsibility for their performance, which is owed to the employer in respect of design and progress and to the main contractor in respect of quantity of work and materials. Employer need to take full responsible on sub-contractor, if any work cant finish by the sub-contractor and cause delay to the project, the contractor entitle to claim for extension of time. Employer has no right against the main contractor in the event of defective design by the sub-contractor. (Jennie Price 1994 pg40-41) 6.0 conclusions As a conclusion, after review JCT 1998, JCT2005 and NEC 3 ECC 2005 standard form of contracts I think that the standard form of contract need to be amended, merged and improved time by time to reduce conflicts and problems which may arise in the construction practice. From this assignment, we can know that in JCT 1998 sub-contractor was used and when come to JCT 2005 and NEC 3 EEC 2005 nominated sub-contractor had omitted due to many problems and conflicts which happen in between the contractor, sub-contractor and also client, so they are more focus on domestic sub-contractor in the latest version of JCT. In my opinion, I think that nominated sub-contractor and domestic sub-contractor both of them also had their own advantages and disadvantages. Because of the nominated sub-contractor had direct contractual relationship with the employer so employer have to responsible on sub-contract work and contractor gain benefit when the sub-contractor cant finish the work and cause delayed, he can claim for extension of time and the employer will suffer loss in this kind of situation. For the contractor, he is being force to employ the sub contractor and he is unable to impose his own terms and conditions which may be more useful for them during the work on site and many other reasons. Therefore, when come to the JCT 2005, nominated sub-contractor had omitted and domestic sub-contractor was use in this standard form of contract. By using the domestic sub-contractor, I think that the conflict had reduced because the sub-contractor was direct deal with contractor, so the management level was incre ase, the contractor fully responsible of sub-contract work and he is able to impose his own terms and conditions which are helpful and improve the quality of construction. Other than that, the procedure in appointing domestic sub-contractor under JCT 2005 was showing clear, simple and easy to understand because the contractor fully responsible in all the employment of sub-contractor compare to the JCT 1998 the procedure in appointing nominated sub-contractor is more complex. 7.0 References Barnes, P., 2008. JCT 05 06 Contracts. [pdf] 25 January. Available at: http://www.arbitrate.org.uk/speakers_papers/Peter%20Barnes%20JCT%202005%20%20CIArb%2023-01-08.pdf [Last accessed on 26 July 2009] Brian, E. Rawling Associates, 2003. Nominated or Names? [pdf] 27 September. Available at: http://www.brianerawling.com/PDF/Jun%2001%20~%20Nominated%20or%20Named.pdf [Last accessed on 26 July 2009] CCL Department, 2005. What Sort of Subbie Are You? [pdf] March. Available at: http://www.eca.co.uk/IndustryGuidance/CCandL/Download/WhatSortOfSubbieRU.pdf [Last accessed on 23 July 2009] Chappell, D. (2007). Understanding JCT Standard Building Contracts. 8th Edi. Taylor Francis. London New York. Davison, J. (2005). JCT 2005 Whats New? RICS Books. Karnick, M., 2009. Nominating the best project subcontractors. [Online] 12 July. Available at: http://cmguide.org/archives/1357 [Last accessed on 23 July 2009] Brand, D., 2009. Contract nominations. [Online] 5 January. Available at: http://cmguide.org/archives/315 [Last accessed on 23 July 2009] Murdoch, J. Hughes, W. (2009). Construction Contracts: Law and Management. Taylor Francis. London New York. OFFICE OF GOVERNMENT COMMERCE (2005). NEC3 Engineering and Construction Contract: Option B: Priced Contract with Bill of Quantities. 3rd ed., Great Britain, Bell Bain Limited. Price, J. (1994). Sub-Contracting under the JCT Standard Form of Building Contract. Macmillan. RICS, 2005. A comprehensive guide to help you move from JCT 98 to JCT 05. [pdf] 3 May. Available at: http://www.ricsbooks.com/downloads/CONTRACT%20FINDER.pdf [Last accessed on 26 July 2009] Ryland, J., 2004. Nominated Sub-contractors- Whats in name? [pdf] 2 January. Available at: http://pprn.crippslaw.com/index2.php?option=com_contentdo_pdf=1id=63 [Last accessed on 23 July 2009]

Genetic Ownership :: Genes Science DNA Essays

Genetic Ownership In the past century, advancements in science and technology have allowed man to further investigate his origin. Science has demonstrated all living things are made up of cells and cells contain genetic material. Scientists soon will be able to take genetic material from one party and create their traits in another. In doing so, individuals, scientists, and society will be faced with new challenges as to the ownership rights of genetic material. The following will examine ethical issues of genetic ownership by looking at current and future applications of technology and the ethical challenges they provoke. In 1978 the science of reproduction exploded into public consciousness with the birth of Louise Brown, the first baby born as a product of In Vitro Fertilization (IVF). Today using IVF, a couple with fertility problems can give their own genetic material in the form of sperm and eggs to a clinic, combine them to create embryos, and insert the embryos into a mother’s womb. Society accepts an individuals right to provide their own genetic material to an IVF clinic and create children. Today IVF is a multibillion-dollar, international business providing healthy children to caring parents. In 1997 another explosion of public consciousness occurred when the Roslin Institute announced they had successfully cloned a sheep named Dolly. Dolly was not the product of sperm and eggs, rather she was an exact clone of her "donor parent". The embryo of Dolly was created from genetic material of a donor "parent" and implanted into a surrogate mother. Dolly and her "donor parent" currently live as the property of the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, UK. As owner of sheep, Roslin possessed the right to collect genetic material, perform research, and eventually produce a cloned animal. Today this right of ownership is currently accepted by society. In the future, individuals may have the right to use their genetic material to reproduce vital organs to be used as transplants for diseased, deformed, or damaged body parts. This process is called therapeutic cloning. Science has demonstrated all living things are made up of cells and all cells contain genetic material. At the core of all genetic material is a primary component of life, DNA. Simply put, DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) instructs cells how to divide and grow into the living things we see every day. Every human possesses unique DNA. No two persons DNA is exactly alike with the exception of identical twins.

Importance of Knowing Other Cultures :: Cross-cultural Experiences

Question Answered: Present the ways in which cross-cultural experiences strengthen a continuous development of the world environment. Cross-cultural experiences can be numerous things. It could be as simple as having a potluck, joining a book club, or participating in a forum. Cross-cultural experiences can also be moving to or visiting a different neighborhood, city, state, or country. All of these activities involve an exchange of ideas about people's identities. Let us suppose an American boy, who I will refer to as "person A" for the purposes of this paper, visits his Japanese friend, "person B.," In their everyday interactions, they talk about their families, ancestors, history, favorite food, hobbies, etc. Person A, consciously or not, gives knowledge of the reality of his culture. As in any other initial exposure to something foreign, person B enters into this experience with some preconceived notions. As he listens to and observes person A, he comes to understand an identity - particularly, that of person A. Consequently, person B gains knowledge, and uses it to resolve his stereotypes and rightfully adjust his opinions. A more significant consequence of this particular cross-cultural experience is what results in person B. In such an exchange two things come to effect. One, person B becomes compelled to teach person A about his own culture. His appreciation for his new knowledge, as well as his own desire to rid others of misconception s about his culture drives him to share his identity with those around him, starting with his friend. Eventually, the knowledge spreads; and so does the drive to educate. Two, this exchange allows person B to exercise the important virtue of having an open mind. He becomes open to experience different cultures because of a resulting desire to understand the diverse world. In turn, the world environment continues to develop because, not only are there more people who are willing to educate, more people are willing to learn with an open mind. The evolution of the globalized societal landscape is directly connected to the occurrence of cross-cultural experiences. This is because, with more understanding about the world cultures, we can continue to evolve as a unified group of individuals. The world environment is defined by how we interact with each other. It involves relationships as inclusive as a country's interaction with another country or as intimate as someone's friendship with his roommate.

Linguistics and Language Essay

1. The underlying assumptions, theories, and methods used by psychologiest, linguists, and researchers are believed to strongly affect the way each defines psycholinguistics. Please discuss some different conceptions of psycholinguistics in its relation to other branches of linguistics. Then, define yours. One of your reference should be â€Å"fundamentals of Pyscholinguistics by Fernandez and Cairns (2010)†. OPsycholinguistics is an interdisciplinary field of study in which the goals are to understand how people acquire language, how people use language to speak and understand one another, and how language is represented and processed in the brain. Psycholinguistics is primarily a sub-discipline of psychology and linguistics, but it is also related to developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, neurolinguistics, and speech science (Fernandez: 2011). OPsycholinguistics examines the psychology of language; psycholinguistics is the name given to the study of the psychological processes involved in language. Psycholinguists study understanding, producing, and remembering language, and hence are concerned with listening, reading, speaking, writing, and memory for language. (Harley, Trevor A. 2001. The Psychology of Language. ) O†Psycholinguistic studies have revealed that many of the concepts employed in the analysis of sound structure, word structure, and sentence structure also play a role in language processing. However, an account of language processing also requires that we understand how these linguistic concepts interact with other aspects of human processing to enable language production and comprehension. â€Å"( William O’Grady, et al. , Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction. Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2001 O†Psycholinguistics, there is a constant exchange of information between psycholinguists and those working in neurolinguistics, who study how language is represented in the brain. There are also close links with studies in artificial intelligence. Indeed, much of the early interest in language processing derived from the AI goals of designing computer programs that can turn speech into writing and programs that can recognize the human voice. â€Å"(John Field, Psycholinguistics: A Resource Book for Students. Routledge, 2003) OPsycholinguistics refers to the efforts of both linguists and psychologists to explain whether certain hypotheses about language acquisition and language competence as proposed by contemporary linguistic theories (e. g. : transformational generative grammar) have a real basis in terms of : perception, memory, intelligence, motivation, etc. (Hartmann and stork: 1973) Oâ€Å"†¦.. psycholinguists are interested in the underlying knowledge and abilities which people must have in order to use language in childhood. I say â€Å"underlying knowledge and abilities† because language, like all systems of human knowledge, can only be inferred from the careful study of overt behavior. † (Dan Isaac Slobin: 1979) OBased on my reading, Psycholinguistics is study about language acquisition, language used one another, and study how language is represented and processed in the brain. Psycholinguistics is primarily a sub-discipline of psychology and linguistics, but it is also related to developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, neurolinguistics, and speech science. 2. Linguistic analysis might use similar language data or language corpuses as the object of analysis. Please give an example of language use which can be analyzed from different point of view, particularly from semantics, pragmatics, socialinguistics, discourse analysis, and psycholinguistics. Support your answer in term of their focuses of analysis. How are they similar, different, and how are they related one other. Linguistics study about human language as communication. In other hand, linguistics as fild of study that the object is language.  ·Semantics is one of study that hand-in-hand with pragmatics. specializing in semantics studies, languageis study about the meaning of words, that is influenced by the context in which the words are presented. Semantics study how words are given meaning by their structure, tone, and the situation in which they are used.  ·Pragmatics is concerned with the role of context in the interpretation of meaning.  ·Pragmatics and semantics is different parts but the same general study. Both semantics and pragmatics are concerned with people’s ability to use language meaningfully. While semantics is concerned with a speaker’s competence to use the language system in producing meaningful utterances and processing (comprehending).  ·Sociolinguistics a close neighbour of psycholinguistics, can be defined as the linguistic study dealing with the functioning of language in society. Sociolinguitics has to do with the study of language from the viewpoint of how social, regional, individual and historical aspects influence the language and its use in society which is specifically called speech community. OPsycholinguistics is the study of language acquisition and linguistic behavior. Psycholinguistics refers to the efforts of both linguists and psychologists to explain whether certain hypotheses about language acquisition and language competence as proposed by contemporary linguistic theories (e. g. : transformational generative grammar) have a real basis in terms of : perception, memory, intelligence, motivation, etc. (Hartmann and stork: 1973)  ·Discourse Analysis is approaches to analyzing written, vocal, or sign language use. discourse analysis is, like descriptive linguistics, a way of studying language. It may be regarded as a set of techniques, rather than a theoretically predetermined system for the writing of linguistic ‘rules’. (Yule, George. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). ‘Doing discourse analysis certainly involves doing syntax and semantic, but it primarily consists of doing pragmatics. In discourse analysis, as in pragmatics, we are concerned with what people using language are doing, and accounting for the linguistic features in the discourse as the means employed in what they are doing. 3. The objects of psycholinguistic studeis are addressed to language production, acquisition, and comprehension. Could you explain how are the processes of the three language uses in term of psycholinguistics analysis.  ·Language production based on Levelt, speech production divided into four stage; I. Conceptualization and formulation Primitive linguistic concept about first conceptualized in human mind by David Mcneill stated that linguistic concepts are formed as two current and parallel modes of taught. These are syntactic thinking and imagistic thinking. Then syntactic thinking and imagistic thinking ellaborate to conceptualize conversation in which speech utterance and gestures to be tied together in time. But this concept has gone record. Formulation as the output of the process language production. Lashely stated that production and comprehension of speech is linear process. Based on tradition od examining speech production, sleep tangue as a window of the formulation process. II. slips of the tongue Slip of the tongue is normal mistake, it happen to catch the goof ourselve. Then we can immediately correct. Slip the tongue as the production process . but this concept has gone record too. III. Articulation In this stage we consider about what happens when all of he information go from our brain to articulation. IV. Self-Monitoring Self – monitoring seems that as final stage. It is not only produce speech and listen one to another, but also to keep one ear open on what they themselve saying.  ·Language acquisition Language acquisition is the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language, as well as to produce and use words[->0] and sentences[->1] to communicate. Language acquisition began the same with the cognitive science at 1950’s. Chomsky argued that language acquisition falsified these beliefs in a single stroke: children learn languages that are governed by highly subtle and abstract principles, and they do so without explicit instruction or any other environmental clues to the nature of such principles. While Hence stated language acquisition depends on an innate, species-specific module that is distinct from general intelligence. Chomsky believes that every child has a ‘language acquisition device’ or LAD which encodes the major principles of a language and its grammatical structures into the child’s brain. In other point of view There are five stages in language acquisition stated by Chumbow and Adegbija (1984) such as babbling stage, the holophrastic stage, the two-word utterances, the telegraphic stage and recursive stage.  ·Language comprehension Clark and Clark argue that language comprehension is mental process by listeners take in the sounds uttered by speaker and use them to construct an interpretation of what they think the speaker intended to convey. (Clark and Clark: 1977)In sum up, language comprehension is building the meaning from sounds. While Language comprehension is generally viewed in cognitive theory as con-sisting of active and complex processes in which individuals construct meaning from aural or written information (Anderson 1985; Byrnes 1984; Call 1985; Howard 1985; Pearson 1985; Richards, 1983). An-derson (1983, 1985) proposes that the mental processes necessary for comprehending aural and written texts are sufficiently similar that comprehension of both can generally be discussed as a common phe-nomenon. 4. Following Clark and Clark (1977), comprehension involves two processes-construction and utilization processes. The first is concerned with the way listeners construct an interpretation of a sentence from the speakers’ words. The second deals with how listeners utilize this interpretation for further purposes for registering new infromation, answering questions, following orders, and registering promises. What really happens in our cognitive domains (memory) for both processes? Examplify your answer that the first happens earlier than the second OClark and Clark (1977) say that short-term memory is roughly related to the working memory in the construction process; long term memory is dealt with the process of utilization. In other word In short, short-term just focus on the surface of the utterance (how the sentence is constructed) while the long one concern on the meaning more (how the sentence is properly utilized). Outilization, consists of relating a mental represen-tation of the text meaning to declarative knowledge in long-term mem-ory. This process is referred to as elaboration in other descriptions of the reading process. Utilization is the key to comprehension and the basic determinant that facilitates it. In any mes-sage, there may be an interplay between information we already know and information that is entirely new. 5. Production of a speech requires speakers to plan what to say before its execution. Theoritically, the plan begins firstly with discourse plan followed by sentence plan and, at last, constituent plan. What should be the underlying concepts of this order? In the execution of a speech plan, several mental activities happen, what are they? Explain your answer OSpeech production is the process by which spoken[->2] words are selected to be produced, have their phonetics[->3] formulated and then finally are articulated by the motor system[->4] in thevocal apparatus[->5]. Speech production can be spontaneous such as when a person creates the words of a conversation[->6], reaction such as when they name a picture or read[->7] aloud a written word[->8], or a vocal imitation such as in speech repetition[->9]. Speech production is not the same as language production since language[->10] can also be produced manually by signs[->11]. The production of spoken language[->12] involves three major levels of processing. The first is the processes of conceptualization[->13] in which the intention[->14] to create speech links a desired concept to a particular spoken word to be expressed. The second stage is formulation in which the linguistic[->15] form required for that word’s expression is created. This process involves such processes as the generation of a syntactic[->16] frame, and phonological[->17] encoding which specifies the phonetic[->18] form of the intended utterance, the third stage is articulation[->19] which involves the retrieval of the particular motor phonetics[->20] of a word and the motor coordination[->21] of appropriate phonation[->22] and articulation by the lungs, glottis, larynx, tongue[->23], lips[->24], jaw[->25], and  other parts. (Levelt, WJ (1999). â€Å"Models of word production. â€Å"[->26]. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 3 (6): 223–232) 6. Children acquire language faster than adults’. Please give your arguments to agree or disagree to this statement. How do children use their utterance compared to adult. You should refer to, at least, four references. OChomsky points out that a child could not possibly learn a language through imitation alone because the language spoken around them is highly irregular – adult’s speech is often broken up and even sometimes ungrammatical. In ways understanding and establish meaning in words, children and adults are different. Children tend to focus more on the superficial physical characteristics of an object when defining the prototype for an object and when comparing a stimulus to that prototype. Thus, children will gradually their understanding of an object. Steinberg at all (2001) conclude the progress started from vocalization to babbling, babbling to speech, naming and using holophrastic for one word utterances, and using telegraphic speech for two and three words utterances. Another expert Mc Neill in Steinberg at all (2001:36) gives another opinion that the child who is learning language can compare the language that they have in their mind with what they hear from his parents. Children give priority to collocational links between words. For example, a child might respond with the word ‘night’ when told the word ‘dark’, whereas an adult more likely to respond with the word ‘light’ when presented with the same word ‘dark. Children may take time to discover the criteria by adult classify item as co-ordinates. 7.  Language structure and language function can be seen differently by different scholars from the side of the meaning of an utterance. Please discuss your opinion about the function approach to meaning (the procedures and uses) Outterances has different meaning in context (including the situation, condition, location and the time in which the utterances are produced). For example : †Masak begitu saja jadi gila sih? † this utterance May be in giving support or motivate somebody who just got disappointed or depressed. 8. Please quote a mass demonstrant’s discourse (at least consisting of ten sentences). Please analyze psycholinguisticly the discourse of the demonstrant by considering his/her mass psychology. ODemo guru bantu : ‘angkat kami jadi PNS. Kami telah lama mengabdi untuk negri ini. Kalau kami tidak diangkat jadi PNS, gaji kami tidak cukup untuk memenuhi kebutuhan primer kami. Yaitu kebutuhan hidup keluarga dan kebutuhan pendidikan anak-anak kami. Guru bantu perlu diperhatikan kesejahteraan hidupnya. Dari demo guru di atas terlihat semua individu memiliki kepentingan menjadi satu yaitu meminta kenaikan Gaji yang tidak sesuai standar untuk memenuhi kebutuhan utama. Dari kalimat demo di atas, setiap idividu guru lebih memiliki power yang lebih besar untuk meminta kenaikan gaji dikarekan mereka bersatu menjadi satu. OMass psychology is a branch of social psychology[->27]. Mass psychology is concerned with the behaviour and thought processes of individual mass members and the mass as a whole. The main idea of Sigmund Freud[->28]’s crowd behavior theory is that people who are in a crowd act differently towards people from those who are thinking individually. The minds of the group would merge to form a way of thinking. Each member’s enthusiasm would be increased as a result, and one becomes less aware of the true nature of one’s actions. Other major thinkers of crowd psychology include Rene Girard[->29], Gustave Le Bon[->30], Wilfred Trotter[->31], Gabriel Tarde[->32],Sigmund Freud[->33], Elias Canetti[->34], Steve Reicher[->35] and Julia Constintine. 9. How do you agree (support) or disagree to the following ideas: a. language need not be taught, nor can it be suppressed. OI agree that language need to be taught nor can be suppressed, Fernandez stated that language acquisition in the child is a naturally unfolding process, Every normal human acquires alinguistic system, and failure to do so is evidence for some sort of pathology. that children need to experience social, interactive language in order to acquire language. In fact, people acquire language at about the same speed during about the same age span, no matter what kind of cultural and social situation they grow up in. b.  children everywhere acquire language on a similar developmental schedule OI agree that children everywhere acquire language on a similar developmental schedule. Based on (Fernandez: 2011) state that babies coo in the first half of their first year and begin to babble in the second half. The first word comes in the first half of the second year for just about everyone. In all societies, babies go through a one-word stage, followed by a period of early sentences of increasing length; finally, complex sentences begin. By the age of 5 the basic structures of the language are in place, although fine-tuning goes on until late child-hood. Children all over the world are sensitive to the same kinds of language properties, such as word order and inflection. They make remarkably few errors, but their errors are of a similar type. While there is much individual variation in the age at which children acquire aspects of language, that variation is conditioned by individual char-acteristics of the child rather than by the language being acquired or the culture in which the language is used. c. language is universal in human being OI agree with that statement about there are close to 7,000 languages spoken in the world today and, on the surface, they differ greatly. However, there are profound similarities among the languages of the world – so many similarities, in fact, that human language can be thought of as a single entity. Language universals result from the way the human brain organizes and processes linguistic information: language universals are a product of human neurology. Thus, a person’s ability to acquire and use language is natural These universals do not derive from social, cultural, or general intellectual characteristics of humans. Instead, List of references: Clark, H. H. and E. V.  Clark (1977): Psychology and Language, New York, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Fernandez, Eva M. (2011). Fundamental of psycholinguistics. Oxford. Wiley-Blackwell Steinberg, at all (2001): Psycholinguistic: Language, Mind, and World. Malaysia, Pearson Education. Scovel, T (2001): Psycholinguistics. Hong Kong, Oxford University Press. Yasin, Anas. (2010). Tindak Tutur: sebuah model gamatika komunikatif. Padang: Sukabina Press [->0] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Word [->1] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics) [->2] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Spoken [->3] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Phonetic [->4] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Motor_system [->5] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Vocal_apparatus [->6] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Conversation [->7] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Reading_(process) [->8] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Writing [->9] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Speech_repetition [->10] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Language [->11] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sign_language [->12] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Spoken_language [->13] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Conceptualization. [->14] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Intention [->15] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Language [->16] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Syntactic [->17] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Phonological [->18] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Phonetic [->19] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Manner_of_articulation [->20] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Phonetics [->21] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Motor_coordination [->22] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Phonation [->23] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Tongue [->24] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Lip [->25] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Jaw [->26] – http://www. columbia. edu/~rmk7/HC/HC_Readings/Levelt. pdf [->27] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Social_psychology [->28] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud [->29] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard [->30] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon [->31] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Wilfred_Trotter [->32] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Gabriel_Tarde [->33] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud [->34] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Elias_Canetti [->35] – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Steve_Reicher

Baroque in the Vatican

Baroque in the Vatican Throughout the ages, civilizations around the world have expressed themselves through various kinds of art such as dance, music, painting, and architecture. Styles of art vary from culture to culture, and over time each style evolves into something completely new. In the mid sass's, there was a change in culture that completely reshaped the European world. Known as the Renaissance, individuals persevered to recreate, and reinterpret the forgotten knowledge and accomplishments of the past. However, as time went on, culture began to change once again.What came out of the Renaissance was an extravagant style most commonly known as the Baroque. Unlike the Renaissance, which striver to meet realism in all its likeness, the Baroque was a hyperbole of reality, bringing in a major sense of theatricality through the synthesizing of various medias. The Baroque period finished what the Renaissance started, and evidence of this is found in SST. Pewter's Basilica in Vatican City. It is regarded as one of the holiest sites in the world and is described as â€Å"the greatest of all churches of Christendom. It uniquely displays both the Baroque fashion and inundations of the previous Renaissance. After Emperor Constantine officially recognized Christianity, he began the construction of the great basilica in the year of 324 AD in the exact location that it stands today. After its completion, several hundred years went by and in the 15th century, it was decided that the old basilica was to be rebuilt. Under the reign of Pope Julius II, reconstruction began on the current building in the year of 1506.During the Renaissance, esteemed artist Michelangelo became the main architect in 1546, when he designed the dome of SST. Pewter's Basilica. It is believed to be one of Michelangelo finest pieces of work, and unfortunately it was also one of his last. The great double dome is made of brick and rises to a total height of 448 Ft from the floor of the basilica to the top of the external cross. It is the tallest dome in the world. The exterior is surrounded by a massive order of Corinthian pillars, emphasizing that realistic notion of the Renaissance.What is unique about this dome is that Michelangelo did not make it a hemisphere, but a parabola. Designed with all the beauty and decor that this age had to offer, the dome of SST. Pewter's, the greatest dome in Christendom, represents the brilliant ingenuity of the Renaissance. Forty years passed since the death of Michelangelo and on the first day of Lent, February 18, 1606, the demolition of the remaining parts of the Constantine basilica began. The tombs of various popes were opened, treasures were removed and final plans were made for the new basilica.Pope Paul V commissioned Carlo Modern to pick up where Michelangelo left off, and having enormous shoes to fill, Modern completed the magnificent facade, the front entrance of the new basilica. As a memorable piece of work, the facade stands 149 Ft high and 376 Ft wide, built of travertine stone. Approaching this massive entrance, soaring Corinthian columns pull your eyes upon 13 classical statues standing on top of the faded, all beautifully shaped with Baroque theatricality and expressions that resemble lifelike characteristics stressed in the Renaissance.As Christ is centered in front over a colossal pediment, he is accompanied by eleven disciples and John the Baptist. Representing the transition from the Renaissance into the Baroque, the faded alone remains Just a single portion of this grand masterpiece. In 1629, Genealogies Bernie is appointed as Modern's successor by Pope Urban VIII and at last we arrive in the Baroque era. Bernie was to become regarded as the greatest architect and sculptor of the Baroque period as he completed the phenomenally extravagant Piazza did San Pitter, or SST.Pewter's Square. Executed between 1656 and 1667, this vastly open court measures to be 1,115 feet long and 787 feet wide, surrou nded by a colonnade of 248 columns, each 64 Ft tall. At such a colossal scale, this enormously over-sized court and over the top decor, reflects the essence of Baroque fashion. To further exaggerate everything, standing on the rim of each of the inner columns are 140 larger-than-life statues of different saints, each uniquely made with precise expressions reflecting that deep drama emphasized in the Baroque.The part of the colonnade that is around the ellipse does not completely encircle it, but reaches out in two arcs, which represents the arms of â€Å"the Roman Catholic Church reaching out to welcome its communicants. † The center of this piazza is an obelisk, known as â€Å"The Witness†, at a total height of 130 Ft, including base and the cross on top, it is the second largest standing obelisk, and the only one o remain standing since its removal from Egypt and re-erection at the Circus of Nero in 37 AD, where it is believed to have bore witness to the crucifixion of SST Peter.On each side of the obelisk are two beautiful fountains, one designed by Modern (1613) and the other by Bernie (1675) which was built as a counterbalance. Bering's piazza is a marvelous example of Baroque excellence. Every aspect is furnished with extraordinary detail and each statute dramatically presented, bringing that overwhelming sense of intense theatricality. After you have rested from the intense experience of the grand entrance, at last e enter into the great basilica.As you slowly take your steps inside, your mind will get lost as the luscious splendor of this grandeur interior throws you in circles. â€Å"The first burst of the interior, in all its expansive majesty and glory: and, most of all, the looking up into the Dome; is a sensation never to be forgotten. † – Charles Dickens, 1846 Covering an area 5. 7 acres, it has a capacity to hold over 60,000 people, making it the largest church in the world. From the floor to the ceiling, the interior is laced with intricate detail, and luxurious design.Every bit of space is used to display the nines of Renaissance/Baroque monuments and decoration money could buy, employing the talents of those greats as Michelangelo and Bernie. Starting from the entrance, along the columns are niches housing 39 statues of various saints. In the right aisle, the first major sight is Michelangelo beautiful Pieta. Regarded as one of Christendom greatest sculptures, the Petite ¤ resembles the young Virgin Mary caught in a moment of sorrowful rumination as she holds the lifeless body of Jesus in her arms. The proportionally correct lifelike features make this a masterpiece ofRenaissance perfection. Michelangelo Petite ¤ transformed the Renaissance from a devotional image into a monumental statement on the meaning of Christian sacrifice. As your pulled deeper into the basilica in away of its beauty, your eyes become fixed on a single vanishing point designed at the end of this colossal hallway. A stonished, you will find Bering's magnificent bellyaching, a monumental canopy that shelters the papal altar and the holy relics of SST. Peter. Ingeniously, it also serves to fill the vertical space under Michelangelo great dome, making it the visual center of the silica.The canopy reaches a peak of 90 Ft, and the spiral columns a height of 65 Ft. It is composed of 927 tons of dark bronze and is furnished with gold leaves. The sheer mass of the bellyaching may seem irrelevant but it is a resemblance of that exaggeration in Baroque style, along with the unnecessary need for such elaborate gold floral designs. Being the first of Bering's works in SST. Pewter's, he incorporated a vast mixture of sculpture and architecture. Angels are also consistent throughout the monument, giving an overall effect of the Ark of the Covenant.The bellyaching represents an important development in the Baroque design of interiors and furnishing. SST. Pewter's Basilica uniquely holds the best of each age, both the Renaissance and the Baroque. It was constructed over a period of several hundred years by the world's most renowned artists. Together, they created a timeless masterpiece rebirth out of the Renaissance, and matured through the Baroque. Over half a millennium later, it remains one of the holiest sites in the world and has captured the marvelous beauty of the Renaissance and Baroque that is celebrated every day.