The Lawsuit Essay Example for Free

The Lawsuit EssayWhen looking for resources I came across a critical review to my story The Lawsuit by Naguib Mahfouz I came across a post which gave me a go bad insight of the story. My story was about a man who had trouble within on rather or not to serve his step mother who he feels stole everything from him and his family. My article tried to evaluate his character and why the watchword wouldnt try to get a better understand on why his step mother was asking him for money. The author of the article also tried to put himself into the perspective on why he had so much anger towards her.The son would question how could someone who was so beautiful needs help now. She could get anything with her looks and no twenty years subsequently she was begging not his deceased father but his son for money. Why couldnt she remarry or get a job like everyone else in the world. The son did not want to look into maybe things in life had prevented her from getting a job. Maybe the widow ha d hardships. When finally seeing his father widow in court he say that she was fat, ugly, and appeared older then her age.The son finally saw all the hardship she went through and decided to not conflict her on her lawsuit but to bless her. For example She couldnt rely on her looks anymore and she never knew how to work for her living, so she could only fall back upon the son who sees this and doesnt mind helping her out. Helping people is better than holding a grudge against. The authors main point of the story was to help us understand the sons point of view and why he felt the way he did.

Alexander Pope’s poem The Rape of the Lock Essay Example for Free

Alexander popes poem The enrapture of the Lock EssayThere are several aspects to Alexander popes poem, The scotch of the Lock which cement it as a unique and substantial work. not only do pontiffs subroutine of imagery and different literary tools take a leak a landscape of the being which is represented here, but Pope also creates the feeling of total emersion into the story for the reader. There are also many individual issues, within the work itself, which utilize their favorable standing to create emotion for the reader, such as the consumption of drugs through and throughout The Rape of the Lock. This creates an emotional bond with between the reader and the character within the poem by forcing the reader to make judgments on the characters. This judgment, then, becomes part of the readers great deal of the world Pope created within the poem. While the poem itself was called to be scripted by Popes close friend, to end the feud between 2 families, what Pope succeed s in creating was an epic of lust, debauchery and social posturing. This tale, spun by Alexander Pope, seems just as much a condemnation of the social stratification of his era, as it is a plea for well-born families to put aside their petty squabbles.The events leading up to the writing of the poem, as explained by Pope were The stealing of Miss Belle Fermors fuzz, was taken too seriously, and caused an estrangement between the two families, though they had lived so long in great friendship before. A common acquaintance and well wisher to both want me to write a poem to make a jest of it, and laugh them together again. It was with this view that I wrote the Rape of the Lock. (Pope)This partly explains the use of the term Rape in the title. The use of such a strong word to describe such an inane event illustrates Alexander Popes fondness of hoax as well as his ability to illustrate the strange and often humorous idiosyncrasies of the wealthy elite. As Pope begins his five a ct poem, his first-class honours degree disputation both questions and accuses the parties involved in the rivalry by asking what trivial things could have been seen as such a dire Offence. The breach which is mouth of by Pope in this first canto is described as being committed by a well-bred Lord upon a gentle Belle. This assault is also questioned, in that Pope asked how a Belle could refuse the advances of such a well-born man. It is the assumption, from this early exchange, that it was socially expected that these two individuals, most certainly due to their social standing, would have no choice but to form a physical union completely ignoring any personal choice in the matter. Throughout the first canto, there are several examples of instances where Pope created a strange sense of reality through his use of word choice and order. Calling to attention the quite a little of a birth-night beau, a really festive and happy image, Pope juxtaposes the idea of non-consensual rel ations and enters into a dream-state. The allusions that Pope creates here are a rattling white and pure scene. The use of imagery such as the slippers, silver sound, and Belinda laying her head against her downy pillow creates a setting of safeguard and warmth. In border twenty four of the first canto, the poem begins to take on a decidedly fantastic feel. This is used to create the sense that Belinda is real a slothful person. As she arises at noon, the reader is told that she returns to sleep creating a sense of an unpressured and possibly spoiled girl with no responsibilities. The dreams of Belinda are also illustrated here. Pope mentions several types of fantastic characters in this section which illustrate the unrealistic world Belinda inhabits. The angels and elves which Pope mentions number in the thousands and through them, illustrate the mental age of Belinda that of a child. These creatures also set up the meaning of the first canto, the warning of Belinda. In the clear Mirror of thy ruling StarI saw, alas some pinch Event impend,Ere to the Main this Morning Sun descend.But Heavn reveals not what, or how, or whereWarnd by thy Sylph, oh Pious Maid bewareThis to disclose is all thy guardian can.Beware of all, but most beware of Man (Pope 1.108-114)This warning shows the reader, in Popes mock-epic style, that some sort of tragedy is about to unfold for Belinda. This monstrous illustration continues through the end of the first canto. Pope uses the personification of the items in Belindas room to create the creatures which she sees through her dreams. Line 135 is a unblemished example of this as Pope writes The Tortoise here and Elephant unite, / Transformd to Combs. It is obvious to the reader that Pope is describing a tortoise shell and ivory comb. However, in the dream world of Belinda, this object is represented by its literal components before losing this personification and becoming a tool to create Belindas physical beauty. The second c anto is used to by Pope to illustrate the importance of haircloth to the physical beauty of Belinda. Her majestic persona is described by Pope in order to place a heavy weight on the locks of hair she will eventually lose to the impetuous Lord. Pope exaggerates Belindas physical attractiveness and the attractiveness of her jewelry as well. Though she is surrounded by many well presented youths, all adorned in splendor, evry Eye was fixd on her alone (Pope 2.6) Her physical beauty, as Pope describes it, is accentuated by the cross nigh her neck which was so spectacular that Jews might kiss, and Infidels adore. (2.8)The power of a piece of jewelry to overcome religious conviction is very unlikely, however, for Pope, this is a perfect way to illustrate the perceived power of high social standing of the wealthy elite. For the members of the elite families of England, the importance of visual presentation cannot be over-stated, not even when compared to religion. Though the symbol she wears is a Christian icon, its beauty both from its construction and the fact that it is being worn by a materialization girl of such attractiveness as Belinda, it could seemingly convert Jews and heathens from their chosen dogmas. It is also in canto two that the Baron, who will perpetrate the rape of the lock, is introduced. Lines twenty nine-spot and thirty of the second canto reads Th Adventrous Baron the bright Locks admird, / He saw, he wishd, and to the Prize aspird. This introduction of the Lord creates an interesting situation for the reader. Despite the several dozen lines of text which describe the beauty of Belindas clothing, jewelry as well as her physical features, it is the locks of hair that hang against her neck which the Baron first sets eye upon, and subsequently longs for. The first feelings of the Baron are shown to be violent in nature. Resolvd to win, he meditates the way, By Force to ravish, or by Fraud betray For when conquest a Lovers Toil attends, F ew ask, if Fraud or Force attaind his Ends. (2.31-34)This illustration of the mans intent shows the reader that the Baron does not visualize the hair on Belinda as a part of Belinda if he recognizes Belinda at all. The hair that hangs on her neck, however, is instantly revered as a stately prize. It is also through this section that the locks of hair are given a sexual persona. At no time does the Baron speak, or think of Belinda as a consultation of joy, but rather her hair as an all encompassing quest. The immediacy of the Barons passion for the locks of Belindas hair illustrates a very important aspect of his personality the trophy is more important than the conquest. It is the intent of the Baron to display the locks of hair, as one would display a commendation. The locks of would signify the physical conquest of the beauty of Belinda whether or not that conquest ever actually occurred. The signification given to the locks of hair on Belindas head is that of her honor. By r emoving them, the Baron, in so much as it was seen in the times, had given Belinda the equivalent of a badge of promiscuity. The path through which the Baron achieves his goal, is illustrated through a card lame. though this game is seemingly innocuous, it symbolizes to very distinct and overt bring throughs the first being war, with the direct imagery within the poem, and the other being sex, by the eventual winning of the locks of chastity by the Baron. The victory of the card game enables the Baron to cut the locks of hair from Belindas head. This action, keeping with the tone of the title of the poem, is illustrated violently though the reality of the action was certainly far less extraordinary. The Peer now spreads the glittring Forfex wide, Tinclose the Lock now joins it, to divide. Evn then, before the fatal Engine closd, A wretched Sylph too fondly interposd luck urgd the Sheers, and cut the Sylph in twain, (But Airy Substance soon unites again) The meeting Points that s acred Hair dissever From the fair Head, for ever and for ever (3.147-154)The words used by Pope in this stanza are undoubtedly violent. Though the Baron is removing the hair with the pressured permission of Belinda, Pope chooses to paint this scene as though the Baron was attack her, killing her, and/or ravaging her body. Pope also uses strange images to create the picture in the readers mind. Line 148 states that the scissors were closed around the hair, cutting it however, the language chosen by Pope creates the image of both conjunction and disjunction. This stanza is followed by Then flashd the living Lightnings from her Eyes, And Screams of Horror rend th affrighted Skies. Not louder Shrieks to pitying Heavn are cast, When Husbands or when Lap-dogs breath their last, Or when rich China Vessels, faln from high, In glittring Dust and painted Fragments lie (3.155-160)This violence that is being spoken of here, as intended by Pope, creates the feeling of murder, and military conque st. The emotions that Pope takes advantage of here, are for the express purpose of illustrating the over-exaggerated weight placed in the locks of hair. This scene is intentionally written so violently, as to show the reader that the members of this social stratum have little understanding of the true importance of things such as locks of hair. Throughout canto four, Pope makes several allusions to the act of torture. It is the intent of these lines to show the reader that the taking of the locks of hair, for Belinda, however insignificant as they may truly be, was a painful and violating event. Meanwhile, the Baron, himself, calls into question the severity of the social significance of the hair While the Fops envy, and the Ladies stare / Honour forbid at whose unrivald Shrine / Ease, Pleasure, Virtue, All, our Sex resign. (4.104-107) The remainder of the poem, for Pope, further illustrates the illogical meter of importance placed on the loss of Belindas hair. The insistence tha t Fate and Jove where in the audience of this event, illustrates for the reader that the society which Pope is lampooning here feels that the Christian deity and the pagan gods would be affronted by witnessing such a horrible action. Pope also suggests that the loss of Belindas locks would be of such great importance to the border women in her life that their own lives would come to a halt For who cam move when fair Belinda fails? (5.4) Pope offers no redemption for the couple, or the society they inhabit. By line ninety-four of the fifth canto, Belinda and the Baron engage in actual combat. Pope uses this fight to further illustrate the complexity of this societys skewed priorities. instantaneously meet thy Fate, incensd Belinda cryd, And drew a deadly Bodkin from her Side. (The same, his ancient Personage to deck, Her great great Grandsire wore about his Neck In three Seal-Rings which after, melted down, Formd a vast Buckle for his Widows Gown Her infant Grandames Whistle next it grew, The Bells she gingled, and the Whistle blew Then in a Bodkin gracd her Mothers Hairs, Which long she wore, and now Belinda wears.) (5.86-96)The fact that the picayune and beautiful Belinda pulls a blade from her side, and attacks the Baron with it, is against the idea of the age where men are the fighters and women are weak in and in need of protection. This attack by the young maiden is followed by the powerful Barons begging for his life ah, let me survive. (5.101) This, again, goes against the expectations of the reader, creating a setting of irrationality. These actions by Pope to create this skewed reality, are effective in forcing the reader to see the entire world of The Rape of the Lock as improbable. Throughout the poem, Pope utilizes the tools of the ancient epic poems to create a sense of importance and truth to the work. Just as Homer had with his Iliad, Pope creates a tale of heroic and historical importance. However, this is simply a ploy to expose the utte r lack of importance of the issue at hand. The entirety of the poem is an exaggeration of the expectations of the reader, and their knowledge of history and poetic license. The complexity of Popes couplet rhyming as well as the loose iambic lines, suggest that the work is meant to be seen just as the historical epics had been. However, the use of exaggerated metaphors and unlikely situations confront that sense of importance and overpower it. The voice that Pope uses throughout the poem allows the reader to feel at ease with the untrustworthiness of the narrator. It was the intent of Alexander Pope to illustrate a situation in which a ludicrous amount of importance was placed on a plum insignificant object hair. Though the fact is never revealed within the poem, hair regrows naturally. This means that regardless of the taking of the hair by the Baron, given ample time, the hair would be replaced and the event completely forgotten. However, as with the strain between the two famil ies for which Pope was inspired to write about, the event was seen as somewhat of a study catastrophe.WORKS CITEDPope, Alexander. The Rape of the Lock. University of Massachusetts. Date of access April 27, 2007. URL http//www-unix.oit.umass.edu/sconstan/index.html

Ethical Issues In The Human Genome Project

Ethical Issues In The Human Genome jut outThe Human Genome Project was the largest international scientific research conducted in the field of Biology. This research project began in 1990 with a mission of discovering all the genes in military man desoxyribonucleic acid and determining the sequences of chemical base pairs which make up the deoxyribonucleic acid of human. The Human Genome Project was coordinated by the Department of Energy and National Institute of Health, in the USA. The research involved thousands of scientists, biologists, chemists, engineers, computer scientists, mathematicians and human participants from nearly the world. The researchers plotted several types of biological maps that changed m any other researchers to improve their knowledge and to use them in proceeding with their researches.According to web definitions, a genome is The set of genes that atomic number 18 carried by an individual. A chromosome is a transmissible structure that contains cel ls that contain thousands of genes. The human genome is stored in 23 chromosome pairs. gene sequencing is a touch on that determines the sequence of desoxyribonucleic acid of an organisms genome. The genome that was sequenced for the outgrowth time was a virus and was through in 1977. Scientists arrive discovered that there are over 3 billion desoxyribonucleic acid base pairs in a haploid human genome. One of the aims of the human genome project was to plot maps that are capable of providing a way for the researchers to locate specific genes in a chromosome.The primary aim of the Human Genome Project was to identify and map all the DNA pairs. There are many applications of Genome research, namely, Bio Technology, Bio Medical Research, molecular Medicine, DNA Forensics, Agriculture, stock certificate Breeding and bio-processing. The outcome of the Human Genome Project enables improved diagnosis of disease, Rational Drug design, creation of customized drugs and Gene therapy. Th ese are several benefits of the HGP in the context of Molecular Medicine and Bio Medical Research. The maps created by the HGP have enabled researchers to unveil many transmittableal conditions such as inherited colon mountaincer, Breast evictcer and Alzheimers disease. The HGP ( in the filed of DNA forensic) willing enable to identify suspects by identifying DNA found in crime scenes, identify parents, and other relationships, and to identify DNA precisely in any context. Further more(prenominal), it enables creation of nutritious products and Biopesticides as benefits to the field of Agriculture and Bioprocessing. Plants and animals that are more immune to diseases could be created by understanding plant and animal genomes. Moreover, it will enable to reduce cost of agriculture and to provide customers with more nutritious and quality products.The benefits for Bioarchaelogy, Human Evolution and Anthropology are the ability to study the evolution of humans by understanding the genomics, ability to study migration of different populations and to discover the relationships between the archaeb professeria, eukaryotes and prokaryotes.On the contrary to the above mentioned benefits, the Human Genome project and its applications have encountered signifi quite a littlet social, estimable and profound issues. The main issue is allowing access to gathered communicable knowledge. If the development is accessible by anyone, it could be mis utilise. For example an employer crapper access this data, and use it in make decisions when they have plenty. There may be raft who are having genetic disorders, yet physically fit and capable of working. Nevertheless, the employers can decide non to hire them considering the possibility of developing a medical disorder. Decisions are made ground on the employees psycheal genetic information. This could be unfair to a certain stem of people with genetic disorders. Making decision based on the genetic information of the employees is unlawful under section 202 of the Genetic Information Non Discrimination good turn of 2008. According to Section 202, Employer Practices, it is unlawful for an employer not to hire or to discharge or to discriminate any employee based on their genetic information.If the data is accessed by Insurance companies, they could use it to earn profits. The person who is willing to insure himself will have to pay a premium depending on the severity of the disease he has. For example, a cancer patients premium will be taller that the premium of a normal person. The ethical issue is discrimination based on the genetic information. It is a known fact that discrimination is used to discourage people in many places such as schools, workplaces, universities, and even in public. There are many instances in which people had to leave workplaces, and children faced many problems in schools due to embarrassment which was a consequence of discrimination. Race and ethnicity discrimi nation was the most owing(p) form of discrimination. It has deviated into genetic discrimination since the genetic information is now available. This may ride embarrassment to people with certain genetic disorders, discourage them and even fall away their confidence which could let them down. To regulate this situation, many governments have set laws and legislations that describe the penalties of discrimination. One such legislation is the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974. Section 702 of the act States (A) In General For purposes of this section, a group health plan, and a health insurance issuer offering group health insurance coverage in connection with a group health plan, may not adjust premium of contribution amounts for the group covered under such plan on the root word of genetic discrimination. It further discusses the penalties for the insurers and employers who use discrimination as a form of bring oning profit.Another way of misusing the gathered i nformation is using it do discriminate nonage ethnic groups or communities. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Human genome enjoins, No one shall be subjected to discrimination based on genetic characteristics that is in hunted to encroach or has the effect of infringing human rights, fundamental freedom and human dignity. Therefore even though a persons genetic information is revealed, he has the right to expect without being a victim of discrimination. Nevertheless, the existence of the genetic information may lead to several social issues such as racial discrimination. Currently, most people in European countries are victims of racial criticism. The human genome project requires quite a large number of genes to be gathered and stored and wherefore to be tested. The genetic differences between groups of people can be emphasized. This may have a psychological disturb due to the differences between genetic science.One of the greatest achievements of the Human Gen ome Project was the genetic map which is capable of facilitating researchers to pin point specific genes in a chromosome. This enables to discover a significant amount of disorders in the human embody and doctors to quickly identify the disorders within their patients. Several decades ago, people were not allowed to be aware of the diseases and whole the scientists were allowed to discover them and find treatments. The society has revolutionized, and people live more sophisticated lives, therefore, awareness of such diseases is at a higher level. Many people argue that patients have a right to be aware of their illnesses on the other hand, this has a negative impact on the patients mentality. Even if a genetic disorder is discovered, it takes some time to discover the treatments. For instance, cancer was discovered, several decades ago, heretofore proper treatments with no side effect have not been found yet. Similarly, when a genetic disorder is diagnosed, it can create frustra tion and trouble. This frustration and anxiety will remain within the patients mind until the treatments are discovered and the patient is treated. This may take a short time period or may take a couple of years. It is a well known fact that a person can live longer and happier as long as he is not aware of his illnesses. Another drawback is that people might be discouraged and refuse to live their normal lives due to frustration. Awareness of the genetic disorders can ultimately result in a group of people who are mentally ill which would become a severe social issue.Applying virgin genetics to unborn children is another area which may cause ethical and social implications. The discoveries of the Human Genome Project have enabled the scientists and doctors to replace cells in unborn children. This implies that parents can have custom-made babies, with the desired features. A possible dilemma is issues related to In-Vitro-Fertilization. In Vitro Fertilization is the process of fer tilizing egg cells by male cells (spermatocyte) outside the womb. Since genetic information is available, genes with all good features could be selected and high grade embryos could be created. The concept of Designer Baby is introduced with this technology. Theses embryos could be sold at different prices which may cause in every human having a price and it will depend on the race, intelligence level, eye, or hair color and immunity to diseases. Prices of these designer babies will depend on the quality of the botch. Social issues may arise among people who are able to afford for a high quality designer plunder and people who are not capable of owning one. Another possible social issue is the competition among the designer babies when they grow older. Every parent would want their baby to be a high quality designer baby. The rate of child kidnaps and murders could rise as a result of the designer baby concept.As verbalise in the previous paragraphs, one of the main objectives of the Human Genome project was to map the DNA sequence. This enables the doctors to modify the embryos and create humans who can live longer, more level-headed and more immune to various diseases. In addition to the issues raised by having designer babies, creation of super human with fewer defects have raised apparitional issues. It contradicts with the spectral beliefs on God of many people. Creation of super human has raised controversial issues among the scientists who are involved in research based on creating humans and spiritual and religious leaders. This is because many religions believe that the creator of humans is God. They believe that the superiority of human is decided by god. The argument brought by them is that only god has the power to create a living creature and humans are not creators, but only creations. They also believe that humans shall neer become powerful than God. Moreover, they strongly believe that these scientific researches and developments have di sappointed God, and the harsh punishments should be given to scientists who are engaged in such research. This religious issue could grow into a serious social issue where people might start attacking the scientists. Previous researches have shown that most people are against modifying embryos to create better quality humans. Furthermore, it is evident that people who are against the creation of super human are mostly religious and spiritual leaders and people who strongly believe in God.Forensic Investigation is another area which is benefitted by the Human Genome Project. Nevertheless, it can be the origin of many social and ethical issues. The DNA gathered by the HGP is stored in a database known as the National DNA databank CODIS. The goal of storing this information is to use it for forensic investigation, in criminology. Investigations involving DNA is considered to be more accurate. The Combined DNA Index System has become a powerful tool to reduce violent crime as it combine s DNA technologies with computers. Two indexes are used in CODIS, namely, The Convicted Offender Index and The Forensic Index. These indexes are generated using the biological evidences gathered from the crime scene. DNA profiles are then created using Short Tandem Repeat analysis. Different software is utilized in CODIS to search for the indexes for matching DNA profiles. According to the sources, the databank contains more than five billion DNA profiles. DNA is tested to identify roughshods, but when the tests are done, used DNA records should be destroyed. Proper Disposal of the DNA information is vital or else the persons entire genetic information would be available. This again could be used to discriminate people or to accuse innocent people for crimes which they have not committed. Another sufferinging issue is the violation of privateness of the owners of the genetic information. Genetic information is considered as private and confidential information of a person and pri vateness implies that a person has the right to decide the extent of disclosing his or her genetic information. Privacy is violated due to not having proper means of disposing the used samples. criminate innocent people or arresting them is another negative aspect of storing DNA in a databank. This technology matches DNA profiles of crimes with victims and therefore, it can match a person who has been in the crime scene earlier. This way, innocent people could be accused and arrested, hence discriminated and cornered by the society.Another alarming issue is populating criminal databases with DNA samples of people belonging to ethnic minorities. This is mainly done with an intention of discrimination and discouraging people. This is due to not gathering and storing genetic information in an unbiased manner such that it would not be unfair for a group of people. For example, a controversial problem occurred in a European country, for storing DNA samples in a biased manner such that t he criminal databases were mostly populated with innocent people belonging to ethnic minorities. Consequently, innocent people were arrested and questioned.Gene Testing is yet another area which may cause social issues. In gene testing, DNA sample are taken and stored in databases, and sometimes used to compare with other peoples DNA samples. Once a DNA test is done, the company issues a copy to the owner of the DNA and results are unploughed in hard copy files as well as databases. These hard copy files could be accessed by any one and refer to the genetic information and test results of some one. The database can also be hacked and the genetic information can be revealed. It is a known fact that no database is hundred portion secure even if it is an offline database. Therefore security is a main issue in genetic testing. Some of this DNA samples are compared with other samples during tests, and mostly done without the consent of the owner of the DNA sample. Privacy is the main i ssue of having a massive databank with DNA information of millions of people. DNA can provide information roughly people including their probability of having certain diseases, sexual orientation or certain behaviors. Gaining access to this information would violate the privacy of another. Police, forensic science service and researchers can access this information without the consent of the people. This violates the privacy of the people. One can use this information unethically, against another to discriminate or to harm someone emotionally. Celebrities would be the first off to lose their privacy as many people are keen on gathering information about them. This information could be published and could be the origin of many other issues in their personal lives. The probability for genetic discrimination by the government, schools, employers and insurance companies may increase. Invading someone elses privacy is mislabeled according to many privacy laws and legislations set by m any governments. According to the Privacy Law of the United States of America, privacy is the expectation that confidential personal information disclosed in a private place will not be disclosed to third parties, when that disclosure would cause embarrassments or emotional distress to a person of reasonable sensitivities. Furthermore, it discusses the penalties of invading other peoples privacy.Article four of universal Declaration of the Human Genome and Human Rights states that The human genome in its natural state shall not give rise to financial gains. In most countries it is believed that DNA, when removed from a person, is not considered to be in its natural form, hence it is used to gain financial benefits. For instance, in the US, innovations are encouraged by allowing gene patenting. Though using genomes to gain profits is against the Universal declaration of Human Rights many companies tend to use this to gain profits. But many people are against gene patenting for variou s reasons including their strong beliefs which says that human gene sequences should never be patented. It is also believed that human genome is an inherent part of every person. Gene patenting is prohibited in some parts of the world and there has been evidence of situations in which legal bodies have denied to relent patents.Another area of the Human Genome Project which will cause several ethical, legal and social issues is genetic Testing, Screening and Counseling. As a result of identifying new genes, tests that can determine the level of risk for a particular genetic disease are developed. This will enable people to know whether there is a potential of developing a disease or a genetic disorder which could be passed on to their children. This will have a negative impact on the society. Also it could change the whole life of a person. For example, a person could be mentally letdown if he gets to know that he has a high possibility of developing a rare disease which could not b e cured. If this information is revealed, and accessed by an employer this person might not be granted a job. Similarly, if the person wants to get an insurance coverage for himself, he might be required to pay a higher premium to the insurers depending on his disease.Genetic technology involves manipulation of genes. The map created as a result of the Human Genome Project provides information that will enable to diagnose and treat many diseases. The map can also help in determining the genetic foundation of physical and psychological behavior. As a result, it is possible to alter the behaviors with the involvement of genetics. Two areas of genetic engineering is somatic cell manipulation which alters body cells and germline manipulation which alters reproductive cells. The use of Somatic cell manipulation is ethically accepted as it limits the changes that can be done to an individual. Since it alters only the body cells, the risks are not inherited by the descendants. In contrast , the germline cell manipulation raises ethical issues since the manipulations of reproductive cells can incubate the risks across the generations. Genetic engineering done on humans may cause health issues. For example, genes of one person could be enhanced to increase a persons height further than his natural height. But this may cause stress to other parts of the body such as the heart. As a result, the person might be left physically ill.Another key ethical issue of the Human Genome Project is the use of genetic screening. According to web definitions genetic screening is The process of testing individuals in a population for certain hereditary defects. Mandatory genetic screening for adults raises many ethical issues related to privacy and personal liberty. Furthermore, Genetic screening of infants, young infants and other vulnerable groups who cannot grant their consent is unethical. For example, in most cases, infants are screened without the consent of parents. Screening is done based on an assumption that parents are willing to know about the probable diseases that might develop in their children. There is evidence of situations where genetic screening has been used as a form of discrimination. For example, in insuring patients who are willing to obtain a health insurance, there are required to pay extra amounts.In addition to the applications discussed earlier, Agriculture and livestock breeding are two other applications of the genome research. As opposed to the above applications, these areas do not use humans for testing. merely it may give rise to many health issues which might convert into social issues with time. These applications entails of developing bio engineered food and animals, also known as genetic engineering. This process is similar to genetic engineering done on humans. Though many researchers explain the positive aspect of bio engineered food, many health issues and other side effects night arise by consuming modified food. Many companies tend to create genetically modified food regardless of the consumers health. Regular consumption of genetically modified food may severely damage the health of people as a consequence, people of a country may not be able to involve in the development process of the country. Furthermore, companies would refuse to hire people and as a result, the country can be populated with sunburned and unemployed people.Though the mission of The Human Genome Project was accomplished, it is evident that the potential and current applications of the Human Genome Research have caused many issues. Ethical and social issues include issues concerning the privacy of the people, discrimination, unauthorized access to the gathered information and security issues and many other related issues. Issues related to the informed consent and legal issues were also caused by the applications of the genome research. The concepts of super human and designer baby were two controversial concepts that caused religious and social issues. Furthermore, other applications in the field of agriculture and genetic engineered food could cause health issues in the society. In my opinion, the Human Genome project and its current and potential applications have a significant amount of social, ethical, religious and legal issues which would directly travel many peoples lives.

Political Rhetoric Within The Current Times Politics Essay

Political Rhetoric Within The Current Times Politics EssayAristotle described three major(ip) rhetorical means of persuasion ethos, pathos and logos. Ethos uses trust to persuade the audience. A politician uses his or her respective reputation and what is perceived and said rough them nonetheless there is a close connection between reputation and reality. Credibility depends both on expertise and how this is portrayed. In order to persuade the audience, you must offset believe in yourself. Pathos does not directly involve the business line itself instead pathos relies on the senses of the audience. An efficient charge to move the audience is to supplication to their values. Logos is Greek for logic and is used to persuade the audience by demonstrating the truth and is based on scientific facts. Logos is also used to orison to the intellect of the audience, and is numerateed an argument of logic.PRESENT-DAY POLITICAL RHETORIC 4The use of rhetoric is very apparent in indemn ity-making speeches and the outcome is measured by a vote placed by each member of the audience. Aristotelian rhetoric assumes that you believethe politician, and disbelieve all other politicians that have different views. The lastingnessor manipulation of a speech not only depends on the nature of the speech, but also on thebelievability of its origin and beliefs shared by the speaker and the audience. The audienceis attracted to the integrity, passion and reasoning of the speaker. The speaker must find theproper balance of the aforementioned qualities in the debate in order to be effective. In the endthe audience is persuaded because they sense that the speaker is an expert on the topic based onhis or her substantial confidence and the amount of emotion involved.Rhetoric used in the pastThe foundation of the modern approach to society, including the entirety of the modern governmental system, is fallout from the medieval rediscovery of Aristotles work during theCrusades, European s re-discovered Latin translations of Aristotle in various libraries throughoutthe Islamic world. When rhetoric is applied to political speech, therefore, it may beconcluded that the politician is attempting to sway the publics opinion in a bearing that is unjustand false.Today political parties in the United States play an integral role in political elections,local, state and national. Parties have become a fomite for exerting the ideas and agenda of largeand collective groups of citizens. However, political parties in colonial American and the earlyRepublic were viewed negatively, by both early politicians and philosophers. Even the foundingfathers had issues with political parties. Parties were thought to divide Americans. Also, thinkersof the time thought that masterminding parties would result in spawning a winning side and a losingside in elections, which would further split Americans. bulk in society today are greatlyinfluenced by what they read. The articles in the news papers skew heaps beliefs of politicalaffairs and real events in the same way that colored articles in popular magazines seem toshape the way the general public views different types of cultural aspects. Keeping this in mind,it is especially key to note that during the 1800s, the people lacked other forms of mediaand communication that people in modern times are influenced by. Instead, they relied heavilyon literature to entertain themselves, most of which shaped the way they viewed culture, politics,and behavior itself. Consider how politicians use rhetoric to promote their policies. We focus on aparticular type of rhetorical appeal-those based on emotionally charged predictions aboutpolicy consequences. For politicians, we emphasize maximizing and strategic behavior,reflecting their full-time employment in politics and large personal stakes in political outcomes.Political leading want to win policy debates and they employ rhetoric in an effort to move publicopinion to their respective sides. The very reason for public political debate between parties is tosway those preferences in one or the other direction. Politicians often try to shape citizensbeliefs about current conditions and the likelihood that particular outcomes leave alone occur if a policyis or is not put into law (e.g., Jerit, 2009 Lupia Menning, 2009). Politicians can attempt toform and change such beliefs, fundamentally, because of the role of uncertainty in policydecisions. There is always considerable and sometimes enormous uncertainty about the impact ofproposed policies (see, e.g., Riker, 1996).1 Not even experts really know the consequences of apolicy in advance. We agree that value-based arguments are an important part of politiciansrhetoric. If politics were solely about values, each side would assert its values early, and citizenswould line up on one side or the other. Politicians say many things during the course of a policydebate, and so the first task is to identify the form s that political rhetoric and argument can take.From the perspective of politicians seeking to persuade citizens, the three potentially mostvaluable forms are assertions of core party values and principles, predictions of future states,3and factual descriptions of current circumstances. All three forms of political rhetoric aremotivated by party leaders desires to sway opinion in the preferred direction, although eachform has its own purpose. If parties can shape beliefs, and thence preferences, by taking advantageof uncertainty and strategically using rhetoric, then winning elections and winning policy debatesthrough rhetorical persuasion are both possible, if not mutually reinforcing. Political rhetoric willnot evolve in precisely the same way across different policy debates.We have offered several propositions about how politicians should behave when they believethey can shape citizens beliefs. They also show that neither politicians nor the media seem to hand over citizens with reliable, readily identified cues to help distinguish those that are worthtaking seriously from those that are just hot air. Under such circumstances, what can we fair expect from citizens who are asked to render political judgments? Speculations onCitizens Responses to Political Rhetoric To address citizens responses to predictive rhetoric,we first comment on two important perspectives in political psychology that appear to suggestgrounds for expecting quite competent performance. test is crucial to understanding the uses ofpredictive rhetoric and its consequences for citizen competence. Unfortunately, we are about topilot largely uncharted waters. 11 Citizens Assessments of Asserted Links in PredictiveArguments Assuming that citizens care about the outcome, they will consciously orunconsciously consider the claimed link between the focal policy and that outcome. Does animportant causal linkage exist? To avoid effort, and lacking expertise in the policy area, citizenswill intend their answers to a simple categorical question Is there a genuine, significant link of thesort claimed, or is the claimed link minimal or nonexistent? opposed experts, ordinary peoplegenerally will not bother with refined distinctions, for example, attempting to distinguishbetween a very important and a somewhat important link. To avoid being manipulated,unaligned citizens will not take politicians at their word, but rather will try to assess the validityof an alleged link independently. In searching for independent corroboration, they will employsimple heuristics, including the following three in particular. We concluded that rhetoricalpredictions about the consequences of policies create obstacles for citizens who seek to make average decisions.ConclusionIn this very exploratory chapter, we have considered the political logic of policy rhetoric the prominence of appeals that rely on extreme and mostly negative predictions and seek to elicit an emotional response the processes tha t citizens use in determining their response and the consequences of those processes for the competence of individual and collective decisions about policy. To put our findings simply, the information surround in which citizens make decisions about policies presents a constant stream of dramatic, emotionally salient predictive claims, covering a wide range of outcomes, and presented largely without bread and butter evidence or other diagnostic information. The highly partisan cope with this constant stream by adopting the party line. The unaligned have no such luxury, and gum olibanum must try to make sense of the political rhetoric. Sometimes the dire predictions elicit some form of corroborating information-apertinent schema, an example from daily life, or the like-in the minds of these citizens, thus ringing a bell with them. There is little reason to suppose that the predictive appeals that ring a bell in this way correspond at all closely to the considerations that would pro ve decisive in an environment that encouraged deliberate judgment on the basis of realistic claims and the best available diagnostic information. But, then, there is no reason to believe that taking party cues does, either.

Online Cinema Reservation System

Online Cinema modesty placementThis appointment title for Introduction to Softw atomic number 18 Engineering assignment is to do a research and analysis of a computer software project. The topic chosen for this assignment is Online Cinema Ticket making System. Following are the tasks regard to be done of the assignment.To identify the requirements for picture online tag mental backlog body.To identify the heading principles and concept and produce the design based on the mentioned concepts.To identify the interrogatory strategies and techniques for the software and how it poop be carried out.To identify the implementation strategies for the softwareOnline Cinema Ticket Reservation System is an Internet based application that piece of tail be accesses throughout the net and can be accessed by anyone who has an internet connection. This application result automate the reservation of tickets and enquiries round availability of the tickets. This application includes em ail impediment for the tickets. Currently, this ashes is widely get use of by airline, cinema, and other sector of company.For the system, the methodology chosen to develop the software is Rapid Application Design (RAD). The Following get out state the advantages of RAD and the description of RAD with quantifyline to develop an online cinema ticketing reservation system.Increased speed of development through methods including rapid prototyping, virtualization of system related routines, the use of CASE tools, and other techniques.Lower costing as rapid development saves m.Low complexity, emphasis on simplicity and usability.Before cinema online ticket reservation is created, the way that customer identify ticket reservation is through earpiece reservation. However, using phone reservation has some problems. Following will discuss about the problems before the system is created and how the system solve the problem.Prank CallThe most common problem occurs is prank call. In the past, on that point are no fragment login is required, therefore, anyone fit to make a reservation. In the situation, many people will take advantage to make a prank call. They will make reservation for many propagation without foregather the ticket.SolutionSystem required customer to register and login to their account before they can use the system. If the customer cannot collect the ticket after make the reservation, customer required to cancel the reservation 1 hour before exposure start showing. Otherwise, the customer account will be blocked from using for certain period if they repeated the same action for more than 3 times.Phone line trafficThe second problem occurs is phone line traffic. Customer will make phone call to enquire the movie show time and they will spend some time to hold movie section. In the other hand, other customers try to make phone call reservation. because, phone line traffic will occur. Part of the customer unavailing contacts the phone call center.SolutionThe online reservation system should be designed that cap up to(p) to check the movie show time and make reservation via internet. at that placefore it can reduce the problem of phone line traffic.OperatorThe third problem is similar case with second problem. The company conducts to hire a lot of operator to able all the call of customer. However, there is not always many phone call will call in. Therefore, those operators will progress to nothing to do. This would be a waste of financial resource if the man power is not fully utilized.SolutionBy using the system, customers able to work all discipline about movie show time. Therefore, mostly customers prefer to use the system. It can reduce dependency of phone call reservation. Meanwhile, company can reduce the number of operator and avoid the problem of operator complain by customer.In fact, there is similar system on the internet, but there is cancelation method found in the existing system. This problem cause the members that make reservation suck as to collect their ticket 30mins before the movie start showing, and they have wait at least 30mins until the movie start showing.SolutionThe new system developed take into account member to cancel their reservation tickets in 2 hour advanced before the movie start showing. If a member did not cancel the tickets and did not collect the ticket, the member account will be banned for certain period.Requirement AnalysisThere are 2 types requirement available in software engineering research method, there are utilitarian requirement and non- functional requirement. Functional requirement defines functions available in a system. Functional requirements are supported by non- functional requirements. It drives the application computer architecture of a system. Functional requirements can be technical details, calculations, data processing and manipulation and other specific functionality that defines the system and the functional of the system su pposed to accomplish.Non-functional requirements similarly know n as feeling requirements. It drives the technical architecture of a system. It is a requirement that specifies criteria that can be used to judge the operation of a system. Non- functional requirements can be category into 2 categories which is execution qualities and evolution qualities. Execution quality is observable at run time. Example of execution quality is security and usability. In the other hand, Evolution quality is embodied in the static structure of the software system. The example of it is maintainability, riddleability, scalability, extensibility and many others.Functional RequirementThere are certain functional requirements that need to be carrying out by cinema online ticket reservation system. Cinema hall need to have a website that allows any drug user of internet access to the webpage. Besides that, there should have other functionality can be finish by the system. For example, a user able to d o following use in the systemLogin to the system through the first page of the application.Change the countersign after logging into the system.Able to neuter their own information after login.Able to create a new login for the accessing the reservation facility.View movie now showing list after login.Reservation can be making three day before the show.View his current reservations with the details.Able to choose the croupes which can are available for a certain class.Cancel reservationFigure above show that activity that able to perform by customerThe system need to respond to the activity done by user. The following is the activity should be performed by the systemA new news engineer to the user though email if the user forgotten about his or her password.A mail will be send to the concerned person about the confirmation of the ticket to the specified email address after user make a reservation ticket.Show the fare for the corresponding shows and amount of money needs to be p ay for selected seats.The login ID and password should be sent to the mentioned email address if a new account is created.However, the same customer always makes ticket reservation but did not collect the ticket. The particular customer will block from using the online ticket reservation system for certain period if repeated the action for more than 3 times. Reservation ticket will automatically open for sales if the ticket has not collect 15 minutes before the show. It gives more time for customer that make online reservation to collect the ticket.Figure above show that activity that perform by system automaticallyNon Functional requirementEach system overly consists of non-functional requirements. In this case, when a user makes a reservation via online, the database needs to make a record of it. It is consider as execution quality. All the information need to be update in real time. The system will compatible with the ticket selling system in ticket selling point. Following is unalike type of non functional requirement need to include in the system.Usability known as user friendly, the system should have the user guild of the system and cannot allow complex interface designResponse time -System also needs to have a good response time. It needs to respond in the shortest time after customer click a button.Platform compatibility -System need to able to perform in antithetic platform such as Linux, Window, and Mac OS. concealment -It also should keep of customer and do not review any information of customer to other people without agreement of the particular customer.Supportability -system should able to perform in any type of web browser. For example is Windows Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google and etc.Maintainability System able to updated time by time. In this case, when a new movie released, cinema able to update the movie information to the system.DesignThe design concept use to develop the online cinema ticketing reservation is software architecture . It is the overall structure of the software and the ways in which that structure provides conceptual integrity for a system.In order to design the system, there is some hardware and software required. The following is the tools for design the software.Hardware requirementsNo.DescriptionAlternatives (If available)1PC with 2 GB hard-disk and 512 MB RAMNot-Applicable2ServerNot-ApplicableSoftware requirementsNo.DescriptionAlternatives (If available)1Windows 95/98/XP with MS-officeNot Applicable2MS-SQL serverMS-Access3LinuxNot Applicable4Oracle database systemPOSTgres5Adobe DreamweaverMicrosoft FrontPage afterwards the system architect equip with the tools, he will start design the interface, functionally of the system and database according the system requirement. The Following are the flowchart of the system. formerly a customer enter the system webpage, the customer able to perform the activities such as login, view movie show times, register and request a new password if member for got about his password. If the customer wants to check the movie show times, customer needs to enter the cinema or movie with ceremony date. Then the system will display the movie shows time. Meanwhile, if the customer wants to fabricate a member, the customer needs to submit his face-to-face information and automatically he will register as a member. Once a member login, he can make movie reservation, cancel movie reservation and stipulate his personal information. In case a member forgot about his password, he can request a new password send to his personal email account.The following will display the design of the webpage and database design.The diagram above shows the main webpage of the online cinema ticket reservation system. Customers able to login, view show times, select movie description and other action in this webpage.The webpage above is the page after a member login. The page will show all the reservation has made. member can cancel reservation, make reservation a nd modify personal information at this page.Member need to select the movie, cinema and enter number of seat before proceed to the next step.Member can choose the seat for reservation purpose.After the reservation made, a reference number will send to member email. The webpage also will shows the reference numberIf a member forgot about his password, the member can request a new password and the password will send via email to the email account registered.The webpage above shows the screen of the movie shows time.The webpage above allow user enter his personal information to become a member. Member also can update his personal information on the same page.The database of customer personal informationThe database of customer reservationThe kinship diagram of customer information and customer reservationTestingThe system will be tested using component testing. Component testing is test the system individually. Test will be caring out for ensure the system able to meet the function re quirement include functional and non- functional required. The following are the test plan need to carry out to ensure the system work properly.TestProcedure / InputExpected gistCustomer able to register as a member and save all the personal information in database.Customer enter all his personal information include name,, phone number, email address, and etc.All the information store in databaseCustomer able to view movie show times without login as member.Customer select movie, cinema, or day to view to movie.The movie show time schedule for particular information will show.Member able to login into the system.Member enter ID and passwordMember able to use the online reservation system serviceMember able to update personal information in database.Member enter new personal informationNew information will updated in database.Member able to make reservation and the reservation information will update in database.Member select movie, cinema, show time, and seat for reservationAll the information store in database, member able view the informationMember able to cancel reservation and the reservation will remove from database.Member select the reservation that wish cancelThe selected reservation will be remove from database.Member able to request new password and the password will send to member email account.Member request a new passwordThe new password will send to the member email account based on the email provided when registerSystem able to perform in different platformSystem test in different operation systemSystem able to perform in different operation systemAble to perform at different web browserSystem test in different web browserSystem able to perform at different web browserInformation able to update anytimeStaff enter the new movie show time listNew movie show time list able to store in database, and member able to view itImplementationFor implement the declare system, hardware and software are needed. The following table shows the minimum hardware and software needed to implement the system.Hardware requirementsNo.DescriptionAlternatives (If available)1PC with 2 GB hard-disk and 512 MB RAMNot-Applicable2ServerNot-ApplicableSoftware requirementsNo.DescriptionAlternatives (If available)1Windows 95/98/XP with MS-officeNot Applicable2MS-SQL serverMS-Access3LinuxNot Applicable4Oracle database systemPOSTgresManpower requirementsThe estimation of the manpower required is 2 to 3 students for complete the system in 2 3 months if they work fulltime on it.Implementation processIn order to implement the system, company need to register a line of business name. According to www.exabytes.com.my, it will cost RM650 to register a .com.my domain name for 10 years. After register the domain, software engineer will upload the system to the internet and link it with the server. Testing will be carry out to ensure to system show to error.ConclusionAfter the research is caring out, there are some advantages toward the company and customer. Comp any does not need to hire extra staff as mention at the problem definition section. It can improve the cost efficiency of the company by installing the online cinema ticketing reservation system. Besides that, it can attract more costumer as internet used by many people at current era.From the point of customer, they do not need to worry about all the ticket exchange out if they have made the ticket reservation earlier. They also do not have long queue to purchase ticket. Besides that, they can make ticket reservation anytime.Therefore, company estimate can gain more profit if they implement the online ticket reservation system.

The Catcher In The Rye: Book Review :: essays research papers

The Catcher In The Rye Book Re massThe Catcher In The Rye, written by J.D. Salinger, is a fictional novelthat was first published in 1965. The novel takes place in New York City and in pappa over a duration of quaternity days. This novel tells the story of anemotionally disturbed teenager who has been kicked out of a boarding school. Thestory is told from the point of view of a teenager who is the narrator of thestory.The main character in this novel is Holden Caulfield. He is sixteen yearsold and serves as the narrator of this novel. Holden does not interchangeable anybody oranything around him. He is an emotionally troubled kid and has many problemswith his life. quintette is Holdens little sister. She is ten years old andlives at kinsfolk with their parents. Phoebe really admires and loves her bigbrother, Holden.This novel begins when Holden is in a mental hospital in California. Thenovel is a flashback of the events over a time period of four days. Theflashback starts off wh en Holden gets kicked out of his boarding school, PencyPrep, because he is failing most of his classes. Holden decides to go into NewYork City for a couple of days until his parents will be expecting him home forChristmas vacation. Holden goes to bars and meets with friends during this time.On the third night, Holden decides to go and visit his sister, Phoebe. Phoebeis one of the only people that Holden actually loves. Holden talks to Phoebe somewhat his life being a failure. He is trying to understand life and his placein the world. Holden decides that he wants to go see Mr. Antolini, an oldteacher, to help him get a intermit understanding of his life. At Mr. Antolinishome, Holden discusses many of the problems that he is facing. Mr. Antolinitells Holden that he has to learn not to hate everyone around him. He has tolearn to love people. Holden is told that he has to think about his future. Hehas to decide when he is going to start to take life seriously and apply himselfin schoo l. Holdens conversation with Mr. Antolini is the climax of the novel.This is the point of the novel when Holden starts to heed and understand hisproblems. He realizes that it is time he put his life back on the right track.The next day, Holden returns home to his family. Holden is taken directly to a

Romeo And Juliet by William Shakespeare :: Papers

Romeo And Juliet by William Shakespeare This scene is a turning point in the touch, showing how Romeo is drawn into the violence that haunts Verona. He enters rise of the optimistic joys of love at the end, he flees into banishment, leaving behind him the bodies of Tybalt and Mercutio. At the beginning of the scene as Mercutio and Benvolio enter Shakespeare is quick to build up the little terror of danger. Straight away, Benvolio is making an excuse for why he Mercutio should withdraw, I pray thee, good Mercutio, lets retire. Benvolio is simply trying to keep the peace, as he knows Mercutio has a short temper. He is obviously very worried about the threat of danger, as shown by his language, I pray thee. The Montagues seemed worried, upon the arrival of the Capulets, fearing that they may be harried that they sneaked into the Capulets party, but it seems that is not the sympathy for the apprehensiveness. Mercutio stirs trouble with Tybalt, but Tyba lt doesnt really want to hurt Mercutio, as he knows he s only teasing around, and Mercutio isnt a Montague, but Tybalt however wants a word with Mercutio s good friend, Romeo. Tybalt settles the quarrel with Mercutio when Romeo turns up on the scene. Tybalt accuses Romeo of being a villain, Romeo tries to reason with Tybalt, and even goes as removed as saying And so good Capulet, which name I tender as dearly as my own, be satisfied. Mercutio cannot believe this he calls it a vile submission, and so shows a little more hatred towards Tybalt. Mercutio is portrayed as a very playful character, For example in Zeffirellis version of the play Mercutio is washing in the fountain, Mercutio is shown to be having a good time and knows that he does not have to leave, therefore why should he. He has a good reason to stay where he is, although Benvolio is desperate to prevent trouble and tries to get Mercutio to leave. Benvolio has intervened previously when Mercuti o has been in trouble, but Benvolio is kept on the