How does Rees use Language to Make the Reader Empathise with Mary? Essay

In the story, Witch Child, Celia Rees uses many different components of language to make the reader empathise with the main character, Mary. Witch Child is a book, compiled of diary entries, written by a young woman called Mary, who lived in the 17th century. Rees uses empathy to make the book seem more personal, like the reader is the only one reading it. Empathy is also important, because it is when you understand and identify with somebody else’s problems or emotions, and if the reader feels a bond with Mary then they are going to continue reading the book. It keeps the book gripping and stimulating. Celia Rees creates empathy in many ways, using a clever but subtle style. She uses factors such as sentence structure, emotive language and tone to provoke a feeling, similar to the one she has created for Mary. Rees’s style means that without the reader realising it, they become hooked. In this essay, I will be finding out how she uses language to do this and will be including quote from the book. At the beginning, before the story begins we are given a little background information. This information is not true but we are told that the diary entries were found hidden and that they are a true story. Witch Child is in fact entirely fiction but this prologue helps with creating empathy because if the reader believes it is real then their emotions are also more likely to be real. If something is realistic then you are going to believe it where as if you know it is made up, then you will not relate to it. Also the way that it is in diary format helps as well. It makes it seem more personal and make the reader feel valued because they have been allowed to read personal thoughts and feelings. The language Celia Rees uses has a large effect on the way the reader interprets her words. Some of the language is in the style of how it would have been written in the time the book is set. Sometimes the words in the sentence are in a different order to what is familiar today, and sometimes she just uses uncommon words. However, Rees has used a simplified language, to appeal more to her target audience, of teenage and older children. This is sensible because a diary in the 1600’s would have been written in such a way that modern children/teenagers may have struggled to understand the meaning behind her words. Celia Rees intentionally chose this language, and it has helped the book seem more realistic. Mary goes through a lot as she grows from a girl to a woman. At the beginning her grandmother, who was her main guardian and who she was very close to, was killed after being accused of being a witch. This is a key part of the story, and is carried through the story. It makes the reader empathise with Mary because her grandmother is her only family, and the only one that has ever cared for her, so when she is taken away it would have been very upsetting. One quote from the book that I think illustrates this well is ‘The men watched, as the woman did this and my grandmother was forced to stand before their gloating eyes, a naked old lady†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ This quote is from when her grandmother is going through witch tests. The reader empathises with Mary at this point because Mary empathises with her grandmother. The words ‘naked’ and ‘old’ make her grandmother seem vulnerable and helpless. She sounds vulnerable because she is naked and being watched by strangers. The way she is described as ‘old’ makes her seem defenceless, which to some extent was probably true. She had no dignity in front of the men and was probably embarrassed and ashamed. The word ‘forced’ makes it sound like the men have bullied her into it. Rees tells the story so that the men seem higher and superior (but cruel) and her grandmother seems humble and this makes her sound innocent. The men seem quite sick and perverted for wanting to watch an old woman naked. The word ‘gloating’ makes it sound like they are proud of themselves and happy that an old woman is being hurt. The men’s eyes are described which implies that they are watching intently. We feel empathy for Mary because she must have been there, to know the story is such detail, and the reader feels bad because they know there is nothing she can do. Also the reader feels guilty because the way Mary has written ‘my’ makes it sound like she is quite protective of her grandmother. Also you get the impression that, understandably, Mary resents the woman that is hurting her grandmother and as I have already said, the reader automatically thinks the woman and men are cruel and the bad ones, therefore again the reader empathises with Mary. This is also near the first time the witch theme is mentioned. The quote seems so horrific it makes you think that they wouldn’t just do it to anyone. This makes you wonder whether she was actually a witch, and this question is continued to be asked throughout the book. Another quote from the book is, ‘I seized on this, turning the leaves, hoping that here I would find the answers to ease my heart’. The first thing the reader thinks about and pictures is Mary, searching in desperation. This shows she is curious to find out about her past. You get the idea she is so frantic that she has forgotten her surroundings and is lost in her own world. You think of her searching because Rees says ‘find answers’ and ‘turning the leaves’. The whole quote creates a distressed and quite depressing atmosphere. ‘Seized on this’ makes her sound even more fraught because it makes it sound like she really noticed it, and immediately thought it could solve her uncertainties. The way Rees uses the phrase ‘ease my heart’ makes you realise that Mary must have been fretting over it for a long time. ‘Ease my heart’ is also an example of emotive language because it is powerful and provokes a reaction from the reader. Another example of emotive language in the quote is ‘hoping’ and both of these makes you feel empathy with Mary because you feel her longing, and therefore create a stronger bond with her. Emotive language adds to empathy between the reader and Mary because if you feel a bond then you are going to understand her emotions and link it to yourself. Rees also uses quite an old fashioned style of language. She uses the word ‘leaves’ which these days is unlikely to be used, a more familiar word would be pages. This makes it more realistic, which means the reader is more likely to connect with Mary and feel empathy. You feel empathy with Mary because most people have really wanted to know or find something out. The reader also feels empathy with Mary because the quote is quite personal and, I think, quite obviously from a diary. This makes her emotions seem raw and unchanged, and this makes the bond stronger between her and the reader because it sounds like her feelings are truly coming from her heart. The bond strengthens as the quote goes on. This is because with each clause she adds more detail, creating a more intense image and making your emotions more extreme and that therefore increases the level of empathy between Mary and the reader. In this quote you also start to get the impression that Mary is an outsider. This is because she has just boarded the boat she will be travelling on and is sat on her own looking through a case at this point; instead she could be meeting new people or exploring the boat. This is a theme that is carried on throughout the book. Rees carries on portraying Mary as an outcast throughout the book. The reader wonders why this is. It could be because Mary’s grandmother was killed, or it could be to do with the fact that she has to cover up any signs of her supernatural background. The next quote shows the way she has to hide her abilities in order to try and fit in, ‘I have seen his past. I have seen his future. I know how death will come to him and I feel the knowledge like a burden. Grandmother said never to reveal the manner of someone dying.’ This quote continues both the witch and the not fitting in theme. It goes against the common belief that witches don’t exist because it’s saying she has seen an extraordinary thing, and has powers. It makes the reader wonder whether she is actually a witch or whether she was hallucinating. The reader feels sorry for her because she has just seen something very important and she has to keep it to herself. The reader empathises with Mary b ecause she can’t do anything about the powers she was given, she didn’t ask for them, she was just given them, and all she wants to do is live a normal life, and she can’t. She is trying to be good and please everyone, her grandmother wouldn’t have wanted her to tell but she is probably wondering if it would be the best thing or not. The whole quote creates a stressed atmosphere and there is definitely a sense of confusion, while she is trying o work out what to do for the best. The way Rees says ‘like a burden’ makes it sound like Mary really didn’t want to have that vision, and now she has to keep it to herself it’s even worse. It also makes it sound like it strains her, which probably means she has had more than one of these visions. You also get the impression that she has had numerous visions because it says ‘Grandmother said’ which make it sound like her and her grandmother talked about how to deal with them. The fact that she has had several premonitions intensifies the empathy connecting the reader and Mary because she must have been put under a lot of stress. The quote sounds almost like she is keeping something to herself, and that she is not really saying how she feels about the event. She doesn’t say whether she is angry, proud or any emotion. This could be Rees cleverly linking in the time when the book was supposedly written. In the 1600’s, the norm was not to show what you were feeling inside. This would explain why she has not written it. However this explanation has a weakness because the book is composed of diary entries, so why would she hold her feelings back. The quote has quite a few short sentences in it. These make it dramatic and it gets to the point. It can mean a point is emphasised, and in this case it does. It means that there is only one point in the sentence and so the reader’s attention can’t be diverted. Mary never seems to be sure of what she is meant to be doing. She doesn’t really stand up for herself and nearly always does what other people tell her. A good example of this is, ‘I do not know what this place has in store for me. The ship is familiar to me; it has been home to me’. This quote is appropriate because Mary doesn’t want to leave her comfort zone, but will when everybody else goes. She doesn’t really stand up for herself because she has got on a boat and is now in America, with no-one she knows. This quote makes the reader feel empathy connecting themselves and Mary, because most people have been reluctant to do something and to leave their comfort zone which is exactly what Mary is feeling at the moment. Sentence structure plays a key part in how the sentence comes across. Short sentences often sound more dramatic and can add pace to a sentence. Long sentences can be used to add detail and make an image in the readers mind. Witch Child uses both short and long sentences add different effects, including empathy. In this quote short sentences help the reader to understand Mary’s emotion. The short sentences make it sound like she is speaking fast which could be linked to panicking and not wanting to do something you have to. This adds to the empathy because if she is panicking it means it is something she really doesn’t want to do, which makes the reader feel almost guilt. The short sentences add pace and make you realise she can’t go back. You feel guilty because even though it isn’t your fault you feel like your taking the only thing that’s normal away from her. The word ‘familiar’ makes you think the boat is comforting and she is happy on board. The quote also makes you realise that even if she did protest, they had already made the journey and there was nothing she could do about it, she was stuck in America. The reader also questions why Mary doesn’t want to leave the boat, whether it is just that the boat is familiar or whether there is something more to it. The reader could wonder, maybe she doesn’t want to have to make a whole new life, maybe she’s scared of being rejected by the others or maybe she’s scared the new people will find out she’s a witch. Again her emotions are not clearly written about; instead the style in which it is written means you can pick it up from the context. It could be as before, the age problem, nobody then talked about their feelings. Another explanation could be that she doesn’t want to come to terms with her feelings because they will upset her. If that were true then there would be a stronger sense of empathy because the reader would feel sorry for Mary, not being able to display her emotions openly. Rees uses powerful words to get through to the reader. In each of the quotes I have chosen so far I have picked at least one word out, and I probably could in most of the book. ‘My few precious things. All I have to show for my life so far lived’. There are powerful words in this quote that are very important, without them, the quote wouldn’t mean the same thing. The words ‘precious’ and ‘few’ makes the items seem very dear and valuable to her and makes it sound like she’s needy. They are all she’s got, which makes her sound like she’s alone. You also get the impression that she relies on them and this makes her sound vulnerable. The outcast theme is continued here because she is alone and has been rejected by the group. This is a depressing part because she has nothing positive in her life. However she values what she has and is not being a brat by saying that she wants more. The words ‘all I have’ also makes her sound weak. The reader understands Mary’s feelings at this point because she sounds vulnerable and susceptible which makes her sound innocent and the reader is more likely to trust and feel close to her if they think she is innocent. The reader also feels empathy with Mary because she has been rejected by a group, which is what she has always feared, and this makes the outcome even more damaging. The quote again is written in an old fashioned/ unusual style. This time it is not the words used but actually the word order; ‘so far lived’ is an unusual way of arranging the words, the normal way today would be ‘lived so far’ or just simply ‘so far’. Celia Rees uses many effects to get the reader to feel empathy, and they have all worked. She cleverly made choices so the reader was drawn in and made to feel a connection and friendship with Mary. From analysing quotes I have learnt a lot more than at first glance.

Food Intake-3 Day Essay

There are 3,500 calories in 1 pound (0.45kg) of fat and I would need to burn 500/1000 calories more than I consume in each day in order for me to lose 1/21lb. of fat per week. I have discovered that in order for me to lose fat, I created a calorie deficit, however I had to avoid my body going into starvation response. In order for me to lose my body fat, I had to outmaneuver my body natural fat storage system. In order for me to be successful with my dietary strategies I used the following: Reduce my calories by only a small amount Eat small and frequent meals every three hours Apply Calorie Tapering Follow a â€Å"cyclical† or â€Å"zigzag† calorie rotation First I had to determine my daily requirements by using a calorie calculator. I was able use the weight loss calculator to determine the time and calorie deficit required to reach my target weight. For my optimal weight loss I reduced my calories to 15-20% below maintenance. When I did not make progress I increased this later, the larger my deficit produced, the quicker my body caught on. I learn that my first step should be to increase my activity levels. By me creating a larger calorie deficit, I had to exercise, cardio to burn calories, resistance training to maintain muscle mass. Secondly I used the â€Å"cyclical† and â€Å"zigzag† calorie rotation system by simply reducing my calorie intake over 3 days followed by one day where I eat little more. I realized this system of calorie rotation was enormously  successfully at maintaining my muscle, while losing body fat. It avoids the problem of my body adapting to me lowering my calorie intake and slowed down my metabolism to the point where I did not see any results. To me I did well with carbohydrates meeting my DRI, but with my protein I was at seventeen percent, and then my fat total was somewhere around thirty percent. I was so surprised at the numbers they were not even close to my expectations it was a big letdown. I learned that during these three days I didn’t meet my required DRI because I don’t eat right. I tried to eat a balanced meal every day, but it was very hard because I can go without eating at times so my food intake was not good I eat a lot of fast food or no food. I am not anywhere near healthy. I know that I need to increase my protein intake to help me reach my goals. I want to lose a little weight so I need to exercise so my fat can start going away. I think healthy eating is important to my body. Healthy eating will provide my body with the nutrients and energy to help my body function properly. Nutrients provide my body energy that I need to keep my brain cells active, the heart pumping, and the muscle flexible, and also to keep up with my 5-year old. To increase my fiber intake I will try to eat more whole grain items. I will take out fruits juices I’ve learned that they do not contain much fiber if any at all. I will also eat more beans. If you have insufficient intake of nutrients it can limit your body’s immunity. It will also limit your body from rebuilding its self from the daily activities and will not allow your muscles to rebuild themselves. Some people don’t know that this can cause people to have irregular bowel movements, get infections, and decrease your ability to remember things, so you really need to get the proper nutrients, and vitamins that you need because we only have one body. I have learned that I have not so good eating habits for one when it comes to eating healthy that is not me I do not always eat breakfast and that is the best way to start your day. Although my eating habits are not so great I learned that it is not too late to change them. All I need to do is take one day at a time and start by having breakfast every day.

Cultural Diversity in the Healthcare Field

Cultural Diversity in the Healthcare field The Many Faces of Healthcare Cultural Diversity in the Healthcare Field Carl Hooks Rasmussen College Author Note This research is being submitted on September 16, 2010, for Vicky Philips English class at Rasmussen College by Carl Hooks Cultural diversity in the medical field is, at times, greatly hindered because of religious beliefs, language barriers, and the hierarchies of diverse cultures and these have the propensity to affect the continuity of care for the patients. â€Å"Every person has different aspects that constitute their identities, according to how they see themselves†¦.This means that seeing an individual in terms of their identity can be unproductive. † (Weaver, 2009). Nursing personnel, in particular, have to take into consideration any and all cultural differences between the patient and the nursing staff. These differences vary in as many ways as there are different ethnic groups in any particular area. Religio us beliefs can hinder the nursing care of patients. There are many different religious beliefs in as many different religions. The religious belief most common in the United States, of course, is the Jehovah Witness who refuses transfusions.This religion has a strong belief in preserving the soul before the body. Other religions have other beliefs that we may not understand, but need to respect and try to work around to care for the patient. â€Å"If people believe it is God who confers both health and illness, it may be very difficult to get them to take their medication or change their behavior†¦. they would see no point worrying about high blood pressure or bacteria when moral behavior is the key to good health. † (Galanti, 2001). This kind of belief will impede the medical staff and their approach to a medical cure.Whenever possible, staff should attempt of incorporate both religious beliefs and medicine to care for the patient. For the most part (miracles do happen) , religious beliefs can delay the care and health of the patient, and leaves the health professionals with a huge dilemma about what to do, and greatly delays the healing process. To understand how religion plays a role in the care given to the patient is to give better care for our patients. Consequently, the vast majority of people do believe in some sort of religion, whether it is God or some other higher power. Cultural factors stemming from religious beliefs and practices can have an intense impact on health. † (Abdoul and Abdoul, 2010). There may come a time when the medical staff has to provide a towel (prayer matt) and a quiet place to pray to a culture that does not consider the common hospital chapel an appropriate place to pray.In some religious, â€Å"It is commonly believed that illness is sent from God as retribution for sins since God is viewed as the afflicter as well as healer. † (Abdoul and Abloul,2010). Food also plays a big part in some religions whi ch go beyond the traditional Jewish mother’s chicken soup. †¦. it is important to know that religious beliefs and practices can influence food choice, as there may be individuals within a group that observe strict dietary requirements. † (Black, 2010). All religious back grounds should be taken into consideration and, whenever possible, be provided for, and this will aid in promoting effective health care. Language barriers pose great difficulties when communicating with patients. It is imperative that both patient and nursing staff understand exactly what is being said. For this reason an appropriate trained or certified interpreter should be utilized whenever possible.Health care workers are experiencing more language difficulties than ever before. â€Å"Fully 54 million Americans†¦. roughly 20 percent of the population†¦. do not speak English at home. † (Armand and Hubbard,2010). With the exception of California, Texas, and Florida, which have o ver 43 percent of the population, that are classified LEP (limited English proficient). The interpreter should be trained to interpret on the patients behalf. Family members, at times, can be of great assistance, but then HIPPA comes into play.The patient may not want a particular family member to know about their health problems. The language barrier does inhibit sufficient care, and this should be addressed with the utmost of care and consideration for both the medical staff and patient. Insuring that the patient fully understands what is being done to them is of great importance. As patients, they have the right to understand what is being done and why. Informed consent must be given; the patient should be able to repeat what they have been informed of before the procedure is done. Currently â€Å"only 33 percent of U.S. hospitals have quality improvement efforts underway to improve the quality of their language access programs. † (Armand and Hubbard, 2010). The goal of th e interpreter is to assure that the LEP patient has no doubts or concerns and totally understands what is going to happen, why, and any options they may have. Understanding the hierarchy of the family is imperative in understanding the functions of the family unit. With some familiarity with the different cultures in a given community, a medical professional will be able to ascertain who the head of the household is.The head of the household differs from culture to culture, as such, â€Å"misunderstandings which include but are not limited to the involvement of the male in all aspects of health care for his wife and children; the assimilation of children into all aspects of life; female humility; the subordinate status of women; and the strong emphasis on traditional female role. (Abdoul and Abdoul, 2010). By defining who the head of the household is and giving them the respect they deserve will be paramount in a speedy recovery for the patient.As the head of the household is ident ified, it is very important that they are included in all of the decisions made on behalf of the patient. If and when the controlling person is not readily available, all efforts should be exercised to contact that person. In rare life threatening conditions should medical personnel proceed without that persons consent, the head of the household should be given adequate time to discuss procedures with the patient should they require this. His/her decision should be respected when they decide what is appropriate for their family member.Given the most pertinent information and options, the family can then make an informed decision and the respect of the hierarchy of the family has not been compromised. All diversities should be taken into consideration when caring for a patient. By understanding what importance the patient puts on their culture, the medical staff can better serve the patient. â€Å"Hospitals can be a source of stress and frustration for patients and their families, s ince they are most vulnerable when they are there and are placed at the mercy of values and beliefs not of their own. † (Galanti, 2001).Making a patient aware that medical staff understands and will do all that is possible to adhere to their cultural differences can only aid in providing the best health care possible. A care plan is always done for patients when they are admitted to the hospital. While formulating a care plan, the nurse should always consider and provide for the cultural differences of the individual. The care plan should be reviewed by all staff that participates in the care of the patient. The care plan should be discussed with the patient and family to assure that all aspects of their cultural practices have been addressed.If this is not done, then the patient’s outcome can be greatly hampered. Cultural diversity in the medical field, at times, can be greatly hindered because of religious beliefs, language barriers, and the hierarchy of diverse cultu res, and these have the propensity to affect the continuity of care for the patient. All aspects need to be considered to assure that the most efficient care be given on behalf of the patient.References ABOUL-ENEIN, B. , & AHOUL-ENEIN, F. (2010). THE CULTURAL GAP DELIVERING HEALTH CARE SERVICES TO ARAB AMERICAN POPULATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES. Journal of Cultural Diversity, 17(1), 20-23. Retrieved from Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition database Armada, A. , & Hubbard, M. (2010). Diversity in Healthcare: Time to Get REAL!. Frontiers of Health Services Management, 26(3), 3-17. Retrieved from EBSCO MegaFILE database. Black, P. (2010). Cultural and religious beliefs in stoma care nursing. British Journal of Healthcare Assistants, 4(4), 184-188. Retrieved from CINAHL Plus with Full Text database. Weaver, D. (2009). Respect the diversity and difference of individuals. Nursing & Residential Care, 11(12), 590-593. Retrieved from CINAHL Plus with Full Text database.

Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Human Rights - Essay Example oper education to empower young males in various social aspects of life, and marginalization of the young population in decision making process in the society. There are various key concepts and theories that form the foundation of human rights, which are all implicated in this issue. This includes theories of human rights based on dignity, wellbeing, or development. They are motivated by the desire to protect and cultivate some quality in life that is filled with dignity, wellbeing, or continuing development. The theory of subsistence is motivated by the desire to preserve life itself (Heard, 1997) There are a high number of young males ending up in prisons out of convictions of violence related cases. Consequently, this translates to a high number of those coming out of the prison systems after serving their jail terms. The concept of human dignity in human rights as suggested by Heard (1997) is paramount. One of the aspects of inherent human dignity is that all human being are equal. However, this is a challenge for the high number of those returning to the society having served part or even most of their lifetime in prison. This is because most of them find themselves alienated and shunned by the rest of the society and find it hard to be integrated back in the society. The fact that most inmates find themselves spending most of their time in the jail also means that they may not have the necessary skills to cater for their well-being because when they come back into the society, they face a great challenge to have normal life. This contrasts the concept of the need for subsistence that bases human rights on the need for existence. The way forward to solving this problem is by creating programs that empower inmates for the life after serving their terms behind bars. Mentorship is also vital to ensure the smooth transition between the two stages and to integrate them to normal life with their families and the society. The high number of drug and substance

Work Based Learning in the Creative and Cultural Industries Assignment - 2

Work Based Learning in the Creative and Cultural Industries - Assignment Example The information that is being given to the public continues to be announced, specifically with a relation to updates about the flu, how it is spreading and what an individual can do for prevention and treatment (Flu.Gov). The main concepts that are associated with the swine flu, even though it is based on prevention and treatment, has led to further questions about the attitudes toward this epidemic. It has been found that the swine flu outbreak is one that is not only based on health and prevention. Instead, the media has created a further epidemic through the amount of knowledge that they have received as well as through the hype that has been created around the flu. The limited evidence, knowledge and the idea of the risk where millions will die has created a different culture and attitude surrounding the swine flu. The influence of the media is one that has altered the understanding and legitimacy of the flu and has created a different culture related to the vaccinations and seriousness surrounding this virus (Goldacre, 2009). To find the true beliefs of culture and society about the swine flu, as well as the impact of the media, I have interviewed a variety of individuals. The questions asked relate to the legitimacy of the flu as well as the information and understanding of what is a part of this epidemic. The results show that, there is a cultural and societal understanding of the flu, not only based on the facts about the swine flu, but also from the influence of the media and the hype that is surrounding this specific flu. From the work place to homes, is an epidemic that is not only based on the flu, but also is related to the culture and expectations that are surrounding

Research Paper on Stem Cell Research Legislation and the Related Legal

On Stem Cell Legislation and the Related Legal Issues - Research Paper Example Embryo research in the United States has for long been linked with abortion as the Congress believed that promoting such research will encourage women to undergo abortions (Wertz, 2002). The human embryonic stem cells are the master cells of the body which have the potential to develop into any cell of the human body. These cells were first isolated in the year 1998 by researchers at the University of Wisconsin, under the guidance of Dr. Thomson, from the inner cell mass of the human embryo. Ever since researchers have focused on the ability of these stem cells to treat dysfunctional tissues by generation of new cells. With these cells scientists believe that several diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Diabetes, Multiple sclerosis and other nervous and metabolic conditions can be treated. This work by Dr. Thomson and his colleagues was not funded by the federal government’s primary sponsor for biomedical research, National Institute of Health (NIH) as the Congress had placed a ban on NIH- funded research on human embryo in the year 1995 and until 2001 there was no public funding for human embryo research. The ban prevented both the creation and the destruction of human embryos for research purposes. However, considering the potential of the discovery in 1998, the NIH appealed to the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) about the funding for human embryonic stem cell (hESC) research. In 1999, the HHS concluded that public funding could be allowed for hESC research provided the derivation of these cells was carried out with private funds (Duffy, 2002). The moral and ethical issues associated with hESC research are related to the beginning of life following fertilization. While the people opposing the research believe that human life begins immediately after fertilization and not ant any specific stage of development and that the use of the human embryo is against the moral code (AAAS Policy Research, 2010). This also applies t o the thousands of unused embryos in fertility clinics which are likely to be discarded. It is considered to possess an intrinsic value irrespective of whether it gives rise to a baby or not (Wertz, 2002). Those favoring the research have argued that only those embryos which implant in the uterus can be considered to be capable of giving rise to a human being. Using embryos which fail to implant or the excess embryos which are created in fertility clinics and left unused for research purposes would be morally fair rather than discarding them (AAAS Policy Research, 2010). The cultural factors that differentiate the views on embryo research between the United States and European nations includes: the government is answerable to the majority religiously fervent population as nearly 40% of the population attend church services, the politically active anti-abortion laws in the US and the inability to control the free enterprise of embryo research companies who are left to pursue their ow n goals (Wertz, 2002). The NIH draft guidelines released in 1999, during the Clinton presidency, allowed research on hESC from unused or leftover embryos in fertility clinics and those which were donated with the consent of the donor. The guidelines, which came into effect in 2000, faced

The Cultural, social and economic townscape of Kings Lynn Research Paper

The Cultural, social and economic townscape of Kings Lynn - Research Paper Example Business activities developed around the waterways which stretched to the land from Lynn. The town developed and occupied the space between Purfleet River to the north and Millfleet River to the south. A period of expansion started in the late 12th century in Britain with broader streets and a larger market place. This Medieval town is the second between the Gaywood River and Purfleet. Bishop’s Lynn became rich on trade within Britain and abroad. The Hanseatic League was a German business organization comprising of merchants from Northern Germany and surrounding countries around Baltic Sea. After Henry VIII dissolving the monasteries, Lynn changed the name and became Lynn Regis and then later on was called King’s Lynn which has remained a very active port in the modern era. The town has been doing well with a strong industrial tradition and revolution. It has been an international trade centre back from the 12th century. However, several changes have been noted in the town’s economy. The Gross Value Added per capita has been forecasted to be below county values from 2001 to 2007 and the gap is increasing significantly. The productivity of labour has consistently been below county value from the year 2001 to 2007. In the years 2002 and 2003 a drop in labour productivity in the town was noted. (Great Britain, 2007) 2) The agricultural sector has been greatly boosted in Eastern England especially in Norfolk. The Agri-Tech Initiative has so far invested around 1.4 million pounds in local activities. Several businesses and projects have been funded in an attempt to improve the economy of King’s Lynn town and Norfolk at large. The Foster-Clarke Company based in Norfolk deals in agriculture, both arable and livestock. The funding will help in investigating new techniques of monitoring the health of crops by combining imaging techniques and light spectrums. The research aims at helping farmers to boost